The Success Of Journalism Lies - 1502 Words

The success of journalism lies in its ability to grasp and hold the attention of its readers, and multimodal articles excel at getting and retaining their readers’ interest. Multimodal articles, text articles heavily incorporating various modes of communication such as pictures, videos, and soundbites, have gained popularity in recent years. They enhance the reading experience for a variety of topics, especially when explaining crime stories. These technology-infused articles use different forms of media to clarify the information presented and evoke an emotional response from the reader. Multimodal articles enrich the reader’s experience by making the characters and event more emotionally engaging and the crime more tangible. Traditional articles lack the visual and audio media that bring the reader closer to the event, making the story seem distant, difficult to envision, and the characters less relatable. Police and government officials using their power to control t he outcomes of investigations and obscure justice is at the heart of the articles presented in this essay. â€Å"Yes, America, We Have Executed an Innocent Man† a traditional essay written by The Atlantic reporter Andrew Cohen centers around the case of a man, Carlos DeLuna, executed for a murder he did not commit. Walt Bogdanich and Glenn Silber, reporters for the New York Times, wrote a multimedia article titled â€Å"Two Gunshots on a Summer Night†. This article, and it accompanying documentary. exposes a corruptShow MoreRelatedThe Problem With Yellow Journalism1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problem with Yellow Journalism. Tabloids are everywhere. You see them while in line at the grocery store, on the stands at street corners, in doctor’s offices, and you can even have them mailed to you. These tabloids have become so ingrained into society that many people consider them to be a true form of journalism. Though this may be one of the views of tabloids, my opinion is that they should not be considered journalism because in reality, they are modern and maybe even worse versions ofRead MoreBuzzfeed : The Future Of News1076 Words   |  5 PagesBuzzFeed, taking its reporting to a professional level. As journalism is evolving with the transformation from newspapers towards online mediums, BuzzFeed is evolving with this change. Today’s combination of lifestyle content and serious news does not undermine the quality of news. It has over the years undergone a big pivot expanding from entertainment into news. As online news has been evolving over the years, BuzzFeed’s success lies in being ahead of the trend and positioned itself to rise withRead MoreInternational Journalism Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesInternational Journalism International news coverage in the United States has declined dramatically in the last two decades, leaving the American public lacking in awareness of the worlds diversity and beauty. This is unacceptable. The public has access to many forms of media-radio, network and cable television, newspapers, magazines and the Internet-yet lack a basic literacy in international issues. The media no longer provides comprehensive coverage of world news. However, as a far-reachingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1668 Words   |  7 Pagesexisting regulatory structure for cigarettes – which include substantial but not outrageous tax rates and restrictions on sales to minors (Thornton). Already, in states such as California and Colorado show real-life instances to the possibilities for success that legalization holds. The numbers speak for themselves. I believe that the laws made criminalizing marijuana are too harsh and should be amended to make the substance more socially accept able. I believe that one of the main reasons marijuana shouldRead MoreGender Representation Of Sex Education1651 Words   |  7 PagesImagine a place where women and men operate the equivalent job functions yet they are paid inequitably. Such a place exists. In fact, there is a world in which female value lies in her youth, beauty, sexuality, image, and her subservience to men. That place is no other than the â€Å"land of opportunity,† the United States of America. It is a place where feminism is a mocked and misogyny is praised. In an effort to create a society that is just and parallel, women should receive equal pay as men and workRead MoreThe Importance Of Knowledge And Truth. Truth And Knowledge1380 Words   |  6 Pagesenlightened of the outside world. When it comes to the topic of ignorance, most of us will readily agree that its harmful to society and individual development. Where this agreement ends, however, is on the question of whether ignorance affects academic success. Whereas some people are convinced that students are just lazy. My own view is that they have a fixed mindset, and I am not alone. In her article, titled â€Å"Brainology† Carol S. Dweck, Lewis and Virginia’s Professor of Psychology, offers her own takeRead MoreImportance Of Internships On The Life Of A Law Student1070 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowth of internships in every field of life around every corner on the world. The Indian Education System has also diverted itself towards acquiring practical knowledge by way of internships. Today, whether it is law, engineering, medical science, journalism, literature etc. every field provides an opportunity of getting practical experience in the name of internships. Therefore, the importance of internships is increasing day by day. It provides a way to apply theoretical knowledge into practicalRead MorePre Traditional And Non Traditional Media1440 Words   |  6 Pagesfor actual news. She points out how on the Last Week Tonight show, Oliver doesn t just explain the issues, he â€Å"openly chides† his audience for not caring enough about them. A recurring theme of his show is that â€Å"Americans are too incurious about the lies that corporations and other organizations are selling them†. Weinman mentions how, Americans are supposed to hate being lectured by foreigners; that being why Piers Morgan s CNN show bombed. But for some reason, people are happy to take it from OliverRead MoreThe Significance of Vietnam War1725 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only as unsuccessful, but also as a gruesome action of the politicians. In one moment, the intellectuals glorified the arrival of a young and freethinking new president, but almost immediately, they blamed his successor of cruelty, continuous lies and desire of war, although the new presidents strategy was basically the same as of his mourned-for predecessor. Richard Nixons governing season did not bring much serenity either. Heated resistance against war became even stronger. Nixon wantedRead More The Significance of Vietnam War Essays1698 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only as unsuccessful, but also as a gruesome action of the politicians. In one moment, the intellectuals glorified the arrival of a young and freethinking new president, but almost immediately, they blamed his successor of cruelty, continuous lies and desire of war, although the new president’s strategy was basically the same as of his mourned-for predecessor. Richard Nixon’s governing season did not bring much serenity either. Heated resistance against war became even stronger. Nixon wanted

The Use of Rhetoric In Athenian Democracy Essay - 1814 Words

Rhetoric was a major factor in the development and maintenance of the Athenian government and was used by many in order to gain power and ascend in politics. The ascendance of the great demagogues in Athens during the time of the Peloponnesian war was heavily influenced by their rhetoric and ability to effectively guide the Athenian democracy. The democratic government was composed of two groups: â€Å"public speakers [†¦], those who made proposals and publicly argued for or against political projects, and demos, those who as a group decided on the proposals† (Yunis, 1991: 179). With this idea of democracy instilled in Athens, speakers were given an opportunity to present themselves and their proposals in a manner that they anticipated to be the†¦show more content†¦Pericles’ role as a demagogue is blatantly obvious in his speech, â€Å"The Funeral Oration†, found in The Landmark Thucydides. In 431 BCE, he is chosen to stand in front of the Athenian s in a time of crisis and raise their spirits through an oration given to honour those who had fallen so far in the Peloponnesian War. Times of tragedy and crisis can cause uproar among a society and Pericles faces potential blame from The People. In the first paragraphs of his speech, he speaks of Athenian ancestors and predecessors who had also stood before The People to give similar speeches. He tells The People, â€Å"since [their] ancestors have stamped this custom with their approval, it has become [his] duty to obey the law† (Thuc.2.35). He also adds: I could have wished that the reputations of many brave men were not to be imperiled in the mouth of a single individual, to stand or fall according as he spoke well or ill. For it is hard to speak properly upon a subject where it is even difficult to convince your hearers that you are speaking the truth. (Thuc.2.35) Pericles lessens his superiority by admitting to human frailty and the possibility that he could fail while giving the speech. These disclosures given to The People are used as a security measure for Pericles; he tells them that he is obligated by law to give the speech and, by referringShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of Birds By Aristophanes866 Words   |  4 PagesAristophanes Birds: A View into Athenian Democracy The comical and satirical play by Greek playwright Aristophanes, titled Birds, provided a fanatical escape for the Athenian people during the time of the Peloponnesian War. The citizens were facing the possibility of defeat by Spartan forces, and were looking to regain morale during the war. Birds was performed for The Dionysia Festival of Athens in 414 BC , where commentators could watch with delight, and judges could vote for the best performanceRead MoreAthenian Society1561 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿THE111 Assignment 2 Essay 1 Jennifer Siwu Athenian Society The Athenian society was known as the most powerful society and well-developed city in the ancient Greek world. The Athenian Society was also known for their brilliant innovations in a lot of fields of life that are still being used in today’s life. Those fields of life include literature, poetry, drama, theatre, schools, buildings, and government. The fact that Athenian society being the strongest and brilliant society in the AncientRead MoreWas the 5th Century Bce a Golden Age for Athens?1324 Words   |  6 PagesAthens and the Athenian Empire has led scholars to deem this period a Golden Age. It is true that his period had many achievements, but in the light of the Athenians treatment of women, metics (non-Athenians living in Athens), and slaves it is given to question whether or not the period can truly be called Golden. The 5th century and the Athenian Empire gave birth to an amazing amount of accomplishments. One such accomplishment was the minting of standard Athenian coins that were usedRead More Aristotle and the Techne of Rhetoric Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and the Techne of Rhetoric Between the third and fifth centuries B.C. there existed a â€Å"golden and classical age† of thought in the ancient world, with the majority of this activity centered in the polis of Athens, Greece. Although the city is historically recognized for its legendary conflict with rival polis Sparta, Athens is perhaps best known for the creation of democracy—that noble political experiment that laid the preliminary structure for most of the rights we AmericansRead MoreAthenian Democracy and Divination Essay2601 Words   |  11 PagesAthenian Democracy and Divination Divination was a prevalent feature in Archaic Greece, as it provided objective advice, to assist people in making appropriate decisions in problematic predicaments. In certain situations its ambiguity allowed decisions to be postponed, or blame to be assigned to others. Divination was also used to explain matters that seemed unexplainable, such as crop failure or drought. This is illustrated in the Homeric epics, which depicts numerousRead MoreAnalysis Of Sophocles Antigone, Creon, The King Of Thebes1280 Words   |  6 Pagesforeign forms of government to promote their native political ideologies, use analogies to further the appeal of their political views, and integrate rhetoric into their speech to influence their audiences’ beliefs. In both â€Å"Antigone† and American movies, negative stereotypes of foreign governments are perpetrated through the creation of immoral characters. Sophocles, an Athenian writer and the subject of a democracy, uses his writing to poke fun at monarchies by depicting Creon as a power crazedRead MorePericles’ Funeral Oration: Athenian Exceptionalism Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesto a close. As is customary during war, Athens holds a public funeral to both celebrate and mourn their fallen soldiers. Such ceremonies typically featured an oration given by a respected Athenian – with this year’s coming from renowned statesmen Pericles. Previous orations had focused on celebrating the Athenian military by recounting their trials and accomplishments. Pericles decided to depart from this convention, believing it was no longer novel, nor necessary, â€Å"That part of our history whichRead MoreEssay on The Clouds and the History of Peloponnesian War1938 Words   |  8 Pagesand hopes to improve upon these traditions. The â€Å"Clouds† by Aristophanes is a satirical play primarily concerned with the idea of new and old education. A satire is a composition or prose used to lampoon individuals or society. They usually make use of ridicules and irony for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discouraging vice or folly. In the â€Å"Clouds†, viewers are presented with a breakdown of traditionally accepted moral and ethical values, especially those that are related to educationRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Vietnam War1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe great and free country of America, with the world’s most powerful military, has long imposed its governmental values on other nations over the course of its history. From World War II to the Vietnam War, America has tried to promote democracy, through the use of unjust and unconstitutional force, that is. Three years after the Vietnam War started, the majority of Americans opposed the conflict, and yet the government refused to repre sent their constituents, and remained at war. America has triedRead MoreThe Potential Of Persuasion By Phaedrus And Life Of Demosthenes1585 Words   |  7 Pagesbut his own opinion, persuasion is necessary to address the assembly. While persuasion could be used to lead a city to making the right decisions and gaining glory, the power of persuasion could be also abused or used by the wrong person. Demosthenes uses his rhetorical skills to push Athens away from its course of destruction. He also advocates for policies which are beneficial to Athens. Demades and the other orators were supportive of Athens becoming allies which was the wrong course of action because

Law Enforcement Federal, State, and Local Policing free essay sample

Depending on where you are at, and what you are doing, some different hypes of law enforcement agents may take an interest in your actions. If a federal crime involves federal law, federal authorities have Jurisdiction. Federal police officers have Jurisdiction over crimes that impact the nation. For instance, federal law enforcement is responsible for Investigating crimes that Involve international conflict or cross the border of states. Federal police officers are responsible of crimes such as kidnapping, treason, Immigration, human trafficking, terrorism, and drug smuggling.If a local crime involves local laws, local authorities have Jurisdiction. This can be somewhat difficult since some crimes may violate laws of both local and federal jurisdictions. History of federal policing in the united States In 1908, during the Theodore Roosevelt presidency, Attorney General, Charles Bonaparte created the FBI which was original a force of special agents. In the beginning It did not have a name, nor was an official leader designated, other than the attorney general. The forerunners of the FBI were these Secret Service men and former detectives. Federal Law enforcement is well over 200 years old in The UnitedStates, governing a wide range of law enforcement agencies to maintain public order and the law related to matters that affect the United States as a whole. There are 65 federal agencies and 27 offices of Inspector general that employ full time personnel authorized to make arrests and carry firearms (Discover policing. Org, 2014). Examples of federal policing agencies U. S. Marshals Service (SUMS): The Marshals and their Deputies serve subpoenas, summonses, writs, warrants and other process Issued by the courts, made all the arrests and handled all the prisoners. They also disbursed the money. The Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U. S. Attorneys, jurors and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and Jail space and hired the bailiffs, criers, and Janitors. In effect, they ensured that the courts functioned smoothly (U. S. Marshals Service, 2015). The Department of Justice: Formerly the largest, and remains, as of 2014, most prominent collection of law enforcement agencies, and at the federal level has handled the most law enforcement duties. The Department of Justice, like other gal actors who monitor and seek to influence police conduct, cannot assess which remedial measures are likely to be most effective and efficient without Information about how particular policing management practices affect police conduct and crime 1 OFF Enforcement Administration (DEAD) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil Justice system of the United States, or any other competent Jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or striation of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to recommend and support non-enforcement program s aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets (United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 2015). Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP): is a United States federal law enforcement agency. They are a subdivision of the U. S. Department of Justice, the Bureau is responsible for the administration of the federal prison system. The system also handles prisoners who omitted acts considered felonies under the District of Columbians law. The Bureau was established in 1930 to provide more progressive and humane care for federal inmates, to professionalism the prison service, and to ensure consistent and centralized administration of the 1 1 federal prisons in operation at the time (Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2015). They are also responsible for carrying out all Judiciary ordered federal executions . They have their own Jurisdiction over inmates once in custody they can choose whether to follow a courts recommendations or credits for mime served, and managing their release dates based on their guidelines, not the courts .Department of Homeland Security (DASH): In 2002 was created by an act of Congress, in response to the 9/1 1 attacks. The Department of Homeland Security is to secure the nation from the many threats we face. This requires the dedication of more than 240,000 employees in Jobs that range from avia tion and border security to emergency response, from subjectivity analyst to chemical facility inspector. Our duties are wide-ranging, but our goal is clear keeping America safe. (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). U. S. Customs and Border Protection (CAP): Includes the Office of Air and Marine, the Office of Border Patrol, and the Office of Field Operations.They have the primary responsibility of enforcing and customs, immigration laws, and securing borders at and between the ports of entry of the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Is a government agency that belongs to the United States Department of Justice help protect from the most dangerous threats facing our nation-?from international and domestic terrorists to spies on U. S. Soil From cyber villains to corrupt government officials From mobsters to violent street gangs From child predators to serial killers. Along the way, we help defend and uphold our nations economy, physical and electronic infrastructure, and democracy (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2015).The Secret Service: Is a government agency that ensures the security of our President, our Vice President, their families, the White House, the Vice Presidents Residence, national and visiting world leaders, former Presidents, and events of national significance. The Secret Service also protects the integrity of our currency and investigates crimes against our national financial system committed by criminals around the world and in cyberspace (United States Secret Service, 2015). Federal Protective Service (FPS): Responsible for federal law enforcement in federal buildings and properties. Including elements of the U. S. Coast Guard and the U. S.

Recruitment Challenges In Hospitality Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Recruitment Challenges In Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction The human resource management is playing an essential role in the recruitment and selection process. Apart from that, the HR managers of the hospitality industry need to recognise the potentiality of candidates during the interview process. Besides that, the aim of this report is to analyse the challenges faced by the hospitality industry during or after a selection process. Moreover, in this report, some major key challenges for recruiting in hospitality will be discussed through proper argument and justification. Besides that, how the HR manager reduces the impact of occurred challenges that also discussed through valid recommendation and evidence. On the other hand, the recruitment process needs to be perfect for organizational long-term sustainability (Hesselbein, Goldsmith and Beckhard, 2006). Impact of recruitment system on hospitality industry The hospitality industry is rapidly increased, and the customers want more services from the management of the hospitality industry (Hesselbein, Goldsmith and Beckhard, 2006). Besides that, the recruitment and selection process is the only way to appoint more efficient and skilled employees in the hospitality sector. The recruitment process of the hospitality industry includes some critical documentation such as job description, job title, and job design and person specification. Each and every document is required for successful recruitment and selection process. Apart from that, the job description includes detailed information about the job which needs to be performed by the candidates (Lowe, 2009). Besides that, the applicant can get a clear idea about the job through job title or position in the organization. Along with that, the person specification is one of the significant element or document of the recruitment procedure which includes all required information filled by the a pplicant. In other words, the applicant can get all job-related information through person specification document. On the other hand, the hospitality industry requires various types of employees for different types of position, for example, front desk job or reception, cooking staffs, food and beverages and customer service. In other words, the management of hospitality industry requires skilled and efficient employees for a different level (Mathis et al., 2007). Along with that, with the help of proper and accurate recruitment process, the hospitality industry can increase the relationship with the customers and level of customer satisfaction will also be increased. In addition, the management of the hospitality industry needs to focus on the required activity to perform jobs at a different level. Besides that, in the top management highly skilled and experienced employees are required who can lead the organization towards success. Along with this, the hospitality industry requires a supervisor who should observe and notice employees activity (Vroom, 2000). In order to appoint a manager, the hum an resource department needs to analyse the background information of the applicant. In addition, many staffs are required for customer care and service purpose in the hospitality industry. The HR managers should judge the qualities of the applicant which are essential for the customer service during the interview process (William, 2000). For example, language skills, confidence and physical strength are essential requirements of the lower staffs position in the hospitality industry. Apart from that, the management of the hospitality industry requires good looking, smart and intelligent employees at the front desk. Along with that, most of the customers make enquiry at the front desk, and the representative should have the ability to provide valid and positive answers to the customers. Room service is an important part of the hospitality industry because the customers always prefer and want high-class room service. In addition, in order to satisfy the customers, the management of th e hospitality industry needs to appoint sensible and qualified applicant who able to meet desired requirements of the customers (Schmidgall, 2009). In other words, with the help of effective contribution of the newly appointed skilled employee, the level of customer satisfaction can be improved and increase of the hospitality industry. Challenges for recruitment in hospitality industry There are many challenges occur in the process of recruitment of the hospitality industry. Along with that, the HR managers of hospitality needs to focus on few but significant challenges such as communication issue, sex discrimination issue, ethical issues, cultural diversity and training issue(Madanoglu and Martin, 2003). Besides that, the management of the hospitality industry can reduce the impact of those above-mentioned challenges by improving recruitment process. Moreover, every single challenge which faced by hospitality industry during recruitment process are discussed below: Communication issue: the langue is one of the significant challenges of the recruitment process. The HR manager of the hospitality industry needs to focus on the communication segment in order to avoid the langue related challenges(Madanoglu and Martin, 2003). Besides that, the management of the hospitality industry needs to appoint a trainer who will interpret the discussion between two individuals. On the other hand, the cultural background of the applicants is one of the major cause for communication gap. Besides that, the HR managers need to motivate and understand the language issue during the recruitment process. Moreover, the HR manager of the hospitality industry needs to appoint good trainer who will provide communication class to newly recruited employees(Pizam, 2006). Sex discrimination issue: According to sex discrimination act, the HR managers should provide equal opportunity to both male and female applicant. In other words, the HR managers should not underestimate the female employees because sometimes the female employees became more useful for the hospitality industry. For example front desk for customer greetings. In other words, the female receptionist can physiologically attract male customers(Pizam, 2006). Besides that, women also have equal ability and confidence by which they can stand by against men. Moreover, sometimes HR managers prefer male room service staff rather than female room service staff due to sexual harassment issue which is a significant challenge for the hospitality industry. In other words, this types of Phycology also define an ethical challenge of the hospitality industry. Ethical issues: according to the employment agreement, the hospitality industry should be responsible for any accident in working hours or shift. In other words, it is the responsibility of the management of the hospitality industry to provide a healthy environment to their employees(Bonn and Forbringer, 2001). Along with that, the management of the hospitality industry should also focus on the health and safety issue which also affect the recruitment process of the hospitality industry. On the other hand, the HR managers of the hospitality industry need to carefully analyse the interpersonal skills of preferred candidates by influential people. In other words, the HR managers should provide equal opportunity to each applicant to prove ability and talent. Moreover, it is an ethical responsibility of the human resource management of the hospitality industry to give same chance general and recommended applicant(O'Halloran, Jarvis and Allen-Chabot, 2006). Cultural diversity: the cultural diversity is one of the significant challenges of the recruitment and selection process of the hospitality industry. The applicant who applies for vacant positions in the hospitality industry is usually belonged from three segments such as local employees, federal employees and international executives(O'Halloran, Jarvis and Allen-Chabot, 2006). Along with that, the management of hospitality industry always prefers local employees for middle and low-level position jobs such as manager and room service staffs. Apart from that, a conflict can arises due to cultural diversity between employees who had been recruited by the human resource department of the hospitality industry. Moreover, the HR managers of the hospitality industry need to appoint room service staffs and managers carefully. Training issue: In order to improve the interpersonal skills and abilities to newly selected employees, the management of the hospitality industry should provide effective training. Besides that, the HR managers should focus on the job specification and person specification documents during the interview process to determine previous job experience of the applicant(Miller and Walker, 2009). On the other hand, with the help of past job experience, the management of the hospitality industry can determine the training needs of the employees who would be selected through the recruitment process. Along with that, training needs recognition is one of the major responsibility of the HR managers of the hospitality industry which can help the trainer to provide required training to the employees of the hospitality industry. Challenges for different level The hospitality industry includes various levels which require individual skills and talents to perform the job. In other words, front desk jobs need highly confident, sensible and smart people who can easily resolve the query of the customers(Miller and Walker, 2009). Besides that, some critical positions of the hospitality industry are discussed below; Front desk job challenges: the HR managers needs to appoint the employees who can manage to communicate with customers. In other words, effective and productive communication skill is required for the position of a receptionist in the hospitality industry. In addition, the management needs to appoint highly skilled and intelligent people for front desk jobs who can meet customer requirement through impressive communication skills(Chen, 2013). Food and beverages: the pantry department also required the skilled and experienced chef who should control and manage kitchen segment of the hospitality industry. In other words, the HR managers should only recruit experienced chef by which the food quality can be improved(Chen, 2013). Besides that, the servicing staffs are also an important part of the organizational brand value. Also, to maintain high-quality customer service, the management of the hospitality industry needs to appoint well-behaved employees who able to satisfy a customer by the attractive and impressive table or room service. Room service/ cleaning: the level customer satisfaction of hospitality industry is depended on the room service and room cleaning service. In other words, the HR managers need to appoint hard working and dedicated employees who seek for money for room cleaning segment. On the other hand, room service is also an important part of the hospitality industry by which the customer get satisfaction. In other sense, the customers of the hospitality industry can be retained through high-class room service quality(Hudson, 2009). Recommendation The HR managers should focus on the job specification and person specification documents during the interview process to determine previous job experience and qualification of the applicant. Apart from that, the HR managers of the hospitality industry need to recognise the potentiality of candidates during the interview process by asking smart questions regarding customer service. Like this, the HR managers of the hospitality industry needs to carefully analyse the interpersonal skills of the applicant. Along with that, the management of the hospitality industry should also focus on the health and safety issue which also effect the hospitality industrys empowerment. In other words, the HR managers should only recruit experienced chef by which the food quality can be improved. Besides that, the servicing staffs are also an important part of the organizational brand value(Hudson, 2009). Conclusion The HR managers should provide equal opportunity to both male and female applicant according to Sex Discrimination Act (1984). In addition, the management of the hospitality industry needs to focus on the required abilities to perform jobs in a different level. In addition, the HR managers need to appoint the employees who can manage to communicate with customers after getting training in future. In addition, the HR managers should judge the qualities of the applicant which are essential for the customer service during the interview process. Moreover, the management of the hospitality industry needs to appoint a trainer who will interpret the discussion between two individuals. The HR managers need to motivate and understand the language issue during the training process. In order to improve the interpersonal skills and abilities of a newly selected employee, the management of the hospitality industry should provide effective communication training as well. References Bonn, M. and Forbringer, L. (2001). Reducing turnover in the hospitality industry: an overview of recruitment, selection and retention.International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11(1), pp.47-63. Chen, J. (2013).Advances in hospitality and leisure. 1st ed. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. and Beckhard, R. (2006).The organization of the future. 1st ed. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Hudson, S. (2009).Customer service for hospitality. 1st ed. Lowe, T. (2009).Get motivated!. 1st ed. New York: Doubleday. Madanoglu, M. and Martin, L. (2003). Recruitment of International Students to U.S. Hospitality Graduate Programs: Students' Perceptions.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education, 15(4), pp.43-49. Mathis, R., Jackson, J., Valentine, S. and Meglich, P. (2007).Human resource management. 1st ed. Miller, J. and Walker, J. (2009).Supervision in the hospitality industry. 1st ed. O'Halloran, R., Jarvis, K. and Allen-Chabot, A. (2006).Cases in hospitality management. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Pizam, A. (2006).International encyclopedia of hospitality management. 1st ed. Schmidgall, R. (2009).Hospitality industry managerial accounting. 1st ed. Vroom, V. (2000).Work and motivation. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. William, J. (2000).Franchising hospitality services. 1st ed. Oxford: Butterworth/Heinmann.

Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand Essay Example

Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand Paper Bangkok is one of the worlds major tourist destinations. Writers such as Warren (1999) reveal that Bangkok is also known as the City of Angels. Over a long period of time the attractions of this contemporary capital city of the Kingdom of Thailand have encouraged travellers to come to visit. People have been attracted to come to the Kingdom by the exotic beauty. In early times only businessmen and traders came to Bangkok. In recent times, however, it has become a mass tourism destination. A wide variety of natural and cultural attractions that suit the motivations of visitors from many countries entice people to this capital city. The tourist industry has responded to the international travel market by providing an extensive range of facilities to satisfy travellers demands. Tourism has given the Thais a reason for preserving their culture and protecting their heritage. However, since the arrival of U.S. marines, Thailand has been burden by the sex symbol which tainted the cultural rich image of the Kingdom. This essay aims to provide an analysis of Bangkok as a cultural tourism destination and to explore the efforts which the local government endeavour to change the negative image of sex tourism to cultural tourism. It identifies attractions that pull people to Bangkok and considers the motives that urge people to respond to the pull of its attractions. It also notes the ways in which the major divisions of the tourist industry supply the needs of tourists. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cultural Tourism Brokensha and Guldberg (1992 p.3) provide many descriptions of cultural tourism. The description most relevant to cultural tourism in Bangkok is mixing with and meeting local people, and learning about lifestyles and cultures. The aims of the cultural tourist can be achieved through attending cultural events, experiencing and appreciating built heritage and the natural environment, and gaining education and pleasure from these experiences. The city of Bangkok, through its natural and cultural attractions, provides many opportunities for these kinds of experiences and activities. History of Bangkok, Thailand The Thai, descendants of ancient Pamir plateau stock, are racially related to the Chinese and were one of the major peoples that migrated from southern China to mainland Southeast Asia. After entering the valley of the Chao Phraya River, they defeated and dispersed the Khmer settlers, ancestors of the Cambodians, and established the Kingdom of Thailand. People lived and traded near the Chao Phraya River. The trading and the population later expanded to other inland regions. Bangkok was established in 1782 as central city for trading. The famous story based on the diary of Anna Leonowens in Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landons. However, tourism actually began in the 1960, where U.S troops used Thailand as a base to attack Vietnam. It is likely that the soldiers told their friends about the exotic beauty of the Kingdom when they return home. Bangkok Natural Environment Bangkok is the contemporary capital city of the Kingdom of Thailand. It is located on the Gulf of Thailand coast. Bangkok has many rivers that connect the city to the sea. One of the worlds renowned rivers is the Chao Phraya River where Thailand first began. Much of Bangkoks history happened along both sides of the Chao Phraya River. Throughout history, the Thais depended on this river for their daily needs, such as cooking, laundry, swimming, fishing and as a source of drinking water. In addition, since the beginning of the Kingdom, people lived and traded along this river. This culture of trading and living by the Chao Phraya River carries on till today. The tropical climate in this region attracts tourist from Europe where the winter is extremely cold. Chon, Singh and Mikula (1993) reveal tourists generally visit Bangkok for urban life and then travel to the neighbouring suburban areas to experience the natural environment of the beach such as in Pattaya or Khor Chang. Some activities enjoyed by tourists are scuba diving, jet skiing, sun-bathing and parachuting. For tourists who want to be amid the peaceful atmosphere and observe the traditional ways of life by the water, Bangkok has much to offer. There are services which have been established to cater to tourists needs. This is in line with Smiths (1988 pp.179-190) supply-side concept. There are hotels, taxi boats, floating market, restaurants and other transportation services targeted at enabling tourist to experience the culture of the Thai. Tourists can experience the way of life that has be carried on for many generations. Tourists from other parts of the world, which are wealthier and economically advanced, can experience novelty and change as Cohen (1974 pp.527-555) suggests. Major features of Thai Society The origins of the Thai people are in the Southern part of China. The people were strongly influence by Buddhism, the central of the Thai culture, which was brought to the region by Buddhist missionaries from India. The Thais manifest their faith by building and skilfully crafting the elaborated works of arts of the temples. There are many temples in Thailand; however the glorious and magnificent ones are situated in Bangkok. Most men and women were peasants and depend their livelihood on farming rice, vegetables and fruits at minimal wages. Peieggi (1996) reveals that since the U.S troops came to Thailand, the people realised the demand for hedonistic pleasure among these soldiers. Young girls and boys were sold for money as a source of family income. After the Vietnam War, due to the influx of tourists visiting Bangkok, there have been new job opportunities opened for the Thais. The Thais perform cultural dance, sword fighting and Muai Thai (Thai boxing) for the tourists viewing pleasure. Throughout history, there have been several images of Thai society. These include images of leisure and eroticism. Gibbon and Fish (1998) compliment Thailand for its richness in culture and its hospitable people. On the contrary, Peieggi (1996) suggests that there have been high ratio of males visiting Thailand, primarily for its hedonistic appeal. Ashworth and Brian (1989) explain that such image is a challenge and the country is endeavouring to change; however, the most important image for the tourists is that Thailand is a cultural centre where everyone is kind and hospitable. The history of Tourism in Bangkok Thailand Although visitors came to Thailand many centuries ago, it was not really until the late 1960s and early 1970s that the Kingdom began its career as a major tourist destination. In the 1960s, the large US troop presence in Southeast Asia produced a surge in Thailands tourism. Since then, the boom has continued, although the large number of hotels has led to heavy competition and fairly low occupancy rates. In the 1960s, Thailand became a favoured place for the nomads from affluence (Cohen, 1973), young drifter tourists who were escaping the evils of the developed world in order to find culture and wisdom in the East. These people preferred to stay in motels or cheaper hotels to avoid the more luxurious facilities provided for the tourists. These nomadic hippies were attracted by advertisement in magazines and friends who had been to Thailand. In late 1990s, Thailand was promoted as Amazing Thailand as a paradise inhabited by a serene, harmonious people. The Hollywood movie entitled The Beach with leading actor Leonardo DeCaprio, illustrated the exotic island life. This was the period of mass tourism. Peieggi (1996) explains that Thailand emerged a popular destination due to its peaceful religion and its exotic culture. In 2001Bangkok has been named as the number one tourist city in the world by readers of the American magazine Travel and Leisure, the citys Peninsula Hotel also coming in first in their readers survey of the top hotels. It was particularly popular with Europeans and Americans. As Elliot (1983) explains the success of tourism was partly due to its natural environment, friendly people, exotic culture and a central position of the air route of the region. The Government began to focus its resources on tourism in 1982 when studies showed that tourism was the nations top foreign currency earner. In addition, during the APEC meeting in 2004, due to the fear of terrorism and the importance of the tourist industry, the government heightened the security during this period of time. The fear was greater when the President of the United States of America, George W Bush, was attending the meeting. The Impact of Tourism of the Thais Tourism has had a variety of impacts, both negative and positive, on Thai society. Hewison (1987 p9) laments that due to tourism, many of the attractions in Thailand can be manufactured for the purpose of gaining more visitors. As Peieggi (1996) suggests because of the hedonistic appeal that Bangkok offers to male tourists, Thailand has been ranked statistically the highest scoring nation for the spread of AIDS. (Leheny 1995; Ritcher 1989) explain that tourism played a major role in the expansion of sex tourism, and has transformed the nations rich culture into an embarrassing burden. (Leheny 1995; Ritcher 1989) argues that tourism has ensured the preservation of the Thai culture and has made the Thais more aware of their own culture than they might otherwise have been. Elliot (1983) points out that the money the Thais have earned through displaying their culture to the tourists has help sustain them financially. Cohen (1995 pp 225-233) explains that commodities crafted by villagers attract tourists attending due to the craftsmanship, beauty and exoticism. The villagers can sell these items to tourist for income. On the other hand, the villages much desire commodities which tourists use, such as denim jacket, T-shirt and jeans. There have been concerns reported by local media that the Thais risk loosing its unique culture by pursuing similarities with the western culture. Kontogeorgopoulos (1998) advocates that tourism increases employment opportunities for the locals. The author further explains that due to tourism, there will be construction of hotels and other facilities to service the tourists. Locals will be employed and trained in various areas. For instance, the locals can learn to speak the English language to enhance the ability to communicate with foreigners and increase their employability. Pull Factors The exotic culture of Thailand has attracted tourists from many parts of the world to experience the way of life of the Thai society. As mentioned earlier, the Thais used to live and trade along the river. Tourists can experience this way of life Ratchaburi province which is about 80 km southwest of Bangkok. There, the tourists will discover a popular floating market. There will be small boats laden with colourful fruits and vegetables which are paddled by local women wearing bamboo hats. These images are often advertised for cultural tourism of Thailand, in travel magazines and brochures. Inquisitive tourists can embark on a tour onboard these boats. Another tourist attraction relating to cultural tourism is the Songkran festival. It is an ancient festival, which is celebrated by the Thais annually and is influenced by the ancient Hindu astrological calendar. It is a common feature of the agricultural cultures of Thailand. In the old days, scented water was used mainly for blessings and paying respect to the elders. Tourists visiting Bangkok or in any parts of Thailand can join in the celebration and enjoy getting wet throughout the day. Likely Motivational Factors As tourists do not normally state their motives and wants in choosing a destination, it is difficult to know with certainty the motivation factors a tourist has in mind. Dann (1981 pp 209-211) explains that the difficulties lie partly in the inability or unwillingness of the tourists to articulate their motivations. However, tourists behaviours hint their likely motivation. Many tourists choose to visit Bangkok in order to escape from their routine to experience change and novelty as Cohen (1974 pp 527-555) or for the purpose of leisure. Tourists choose Bangkok as a destination to revitalise themselves for a period of time before feeling ready to go back to work. Tourist experience the exotic culture of the Thai society. The tourists can maximise the time they have in Bangkok, where there are many cultural activities orchestrated for tourists. Tourists can enjoy watching the Thai dance or the making of Thai handicrafts in parks and other recreation areas. Temporally, the tourists forget about the stress and pressure of work back home. The laidback or slow lifestyle of the Thai agricultural culture enables tourist to ease tension and feel more relaxing physically, emotionally and mentally. Hospitality in Thailand Esichaikul (1998 pp. 359-369) explains that tourism offers a lucrative source of income for Thailand. The author further suggests that the provision of accommodation, food and drink are important to the countrys economy. Hospitality in Thailand ranges from luxurious facilities to very affordable home-stay. Outside of Bangkok, tourists can stay in stilt hotels on the dam, resorts and hotels by the beach or huts in the forest. Tourists can relax and enjoy the tranquillity that nature offers in this tropical climate. The Thai cuisine is unique and it reflects the exotic culture of the local society. The cuisine includes affordable seafood which the Japanese particularly enjoy. During the APEC meeting, the Prime Minister of Japan, Junichiro Koizumi, indulged himself every night in various kinds of seafood. Other cuisine includes pineapple rice, papaya salad, Tom Yam soup and the Tok Tok noodles sold in the floating market. Thai cuisine is spicy and sweet in general; some adventurous tourists may be challenged to try the food, some tourists may resort to western food like McDonalds and Subway sandwiches. Nonetheless, Thai food is low in cholesterol and healthy as many dishes often incorporate fruits in the preparation stage. Transportation Due to the geographical location, tourists can travel to Bangkok by many means. The International air-port has facilities to accommodate various sizes of planes. Backpackers having visited the neighbouring Malaysia, Cambodia of Singapore can also choose to travel economically by trains and busses. Due to traffic congestion in Bangkok, other interesting modes of transport have emerged to allow people to travel efficiently. Along the Chao Phraya River, tourists can travel by express boats cross to other regions. In addition, tourists may wish to travel at a slower pace, by long-tail boats, in order to enjoy the riverside scenery. On land, tourists can travel on the elephants back, which in the past was only suited for the Kings. Travelling on elephants backs can be interesting; tourists will sway from side to side slowly high above ground level. Tourists often find this mode of transport amusing and exciting. Apart from taxis and busses, tourists can also choose to travel on a three-wheeled Tuk Tuk to zigzag between vehicles without being hampered by the traffic jam. Conclusion In conclusion, cultural tourism in Thailand provides many exotic experiences for tourists. The government of Thailand has been investing resources in advertising campaigns to change the erotic image of by emphasizing the cultural richness of the Kingdom. It is apparent that such change remains the greatest challenge to the country. Though tourism has impacted Thailand negatively; it has provided employment and other financial benefits to the Thais and the nation in many related industry.

Where to Buy German Books Online

Where to Buy German Books Online Even though large bookstores have for the most part shut down in America there are still many independent bookstores. Many of them cater to specific genres or types of books. If learning languages and foreign translations are your things then these bookstores are a must see. The following is a listing of German bookstores and distributors both online and via telephone in the United States an Canada. Die Bà ¼cherstube If youre  looking for imported German books and music, Die Bà ¼cherstube website is for you. This family business has been running online since 1996. Dont let the antiquated look of the site fool you, theyve got what you need. P.O. Box 700Pelion, SC 29123Tel: 1-888-BUECHER (283-2437)Toll-free in US/CanadaFax: (803) 894-5307Email: infobuecherstube.com Continental Book Company If you need language and common core books the Continental Book Company online store is perfect for you. Its website is also a little old school but its easy to navigate and find what you need. It provides books in nearly a dozen languages.   625 E. 70th Ave., #5Denver, CO 80229Tel: (303) 289-1761Fax: (303) 289-1764 European Book Company, Inc If youre hoping for a more tailored experience check out European Book Companys website. If you cant find what youre looking for in their extensive digital stack just send them an email. Anything they cant find in-house theyre usually happy to special order.   925 Larkin StreetSan Francisco, CA 94109Tel: (415) 474-0626Fax: (415) 474-0630Email: infoeuropeanbook.com Galda Leuchter International Booksellers This library service is actually part of a German publisher which specializes in academic texts. If youre a college student needing older German texts the Galda Leuchter International Booksellers store will suit your needs.   Galda Library Services Inc.33 Richdale AvenueCambridge, MA 02140Tel.: (617) 864-8232Fax: (617) 497-0937Email: glsbookworld.std.com Abe German Book Center   If youre really looking to cut out large corporate sites then you have to check out Abe German Book Center. The website links together thousands of independent bookstores, allowing you to access all their catalogs from one site.   German Book Center N.A. Inc.1317 County Road 56Mountaindale, NY 12763Email: germanbookmsn.com GLP German Language Publications, Inc. If youre really looking to immerse yourself in the German language, you should try reading the German editions of your favorite magazines.  GLP German Language Publications, Inc. offers subscriptions of popular German newspapers and magazines.   153 South Dean St.Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07631Tel.: (201) 871-1010Fax: (201) 871-0870Email: 75557.105compuserve.com IBIS - International Book Import Service, Inc. Located in an old Jack Daniels Distillery, this family business has been serving individuals and universities since 1989. Let International Book Import Service fulfill all your German language book needs.   161 Main StreetP.O. Box 8188Lynchburg, TN 37352-8188Tel: (800) 277-4247Fax: (931) 759-7555Email: IBISIBIService.com New Mastodon If youre looking for German books, DVDs, CDs and fine prints you need to visit New Mastodons site. This family-run business also offers media in Spanish and Italian.   5820 Wilshire Blvd. #101Los Angeles, CA 90036Tel: (323) 525 1948Fax: (323) 525 0266Email: newmastodonearthlink.net Schoenhofs Foreign Books Inc. Founded in 1856 this store offers one of the largest selections of foreign language books in North America. If you love to visit brick and mortar stores Schoenhofs Foreign Books Inc. is worth the visit.   76a Mount Auburn StreetCambridge, MA 02138Tel. (617) 547-8855Fax: (617) 547-8551Email: infoschoenhofs.com Book Stage   Book Stage  offers new as well as rare and out of print books. Its a great place to find antique titles.   126 Waterloo St. S.Stratford, ON N5A 4B4Tel.: 1 519 2720937Fax: 1 519 2720927Email: bookstagebellnet.ca

Japanese colonialism was fundamentally different from western Essay

Japanese colonialism was fundamentally different from western colonialism. Do you agree Discuss - Essay Example Such, it cannot be generalized that all colonial nations follow the same form of colonialism that bears the same geopolitical meaning and practice across regions and continents. This fundamental difference in colonialism can be best illustrated in the case of Japan when contrasted with its colonialist counterpart in the western part of the world where its colonialist differences were identified in this paper. The most plausible cause that can be identified for this difference was that Japan jumped in the colonialist foray later than its western counterpart that it had an implication why colonialism in the East, particularly Japan, fundamentally differed from its counterpart in the West. It can be surmised that while the west has already a deep experience of colonizing, the idea of colonialism was only impinged into the consciousness of Japan in the 1870’s with the Meiji Restoration (Myers and Peattie, 1984) which has an implication on how it exercised its power and prerogative over its colonized countries. Japan’s exposure in colonialist effort was short while its western counterparts had already a long history of colonizing exploits that stretched as far back as 900 A.D. with the crusades. This wide gap in terms of colonizing experience has an implication on Japan’s motivation, purpose and method of colonizing that fundamentally differed from the West which will be elaborated in this paper. ... II. The Fundamental Difference of Japanese Colonialism from Western Colonialism A. Timeline and motivation for being a colonial power The western colonizers have a very long and deep experience in colonizing. While Japan as a country was still struggling among itself in 900 A.D., Europe has already embarked on a crusade to reclaim the Holy Land from the Turks and Saracens in the Middle East. Needless to say, the West already has already a deep experience with colonizing while Japan only learned the idea of colonialism in the 1870’s. It is also important to note that before the Meiji Restoration in the 1870’s, it came from a 200 year isolationist policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate and as such, was economically and military inferior compared to the west. In addition, Japan began with the same disadvantages just like its neighboring Asian countries. Also, just like any other non-European states, it was forced to sign unequal treaties that chafed the ire of its nationalists a s an infringement of its national sovereignty. Moreso, when Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States came to Japan in 1853 with its fleet that forced Japan to open itself to trade and end its self-imposed isolation (Myers and Peattie, 1984:78). This made Japan realize how backward they were and prompted them to embark on a nationalist endeavor to strengthen itself and become a respected country. This sentiment was recorded by a memorandum of saga samurai, Eto Shimpei in 1856 that â€Å"what was required . . ., was a long-range plan to utilize the talents, not merely of all Japanese, but of talent wherever it might be found in tools, in arms, in medicine, in land development, in astronomy, and so on, should be utilized

Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Managerial Economics - Essay Example The Balance of Payments (BOP) refers to the sum of all economic exchanges between countries and includes expenses and income from the trade of goods and services, and financial transactions, including foreign direct investment. These exchanges, or transactions, fall under two categories: A Current Account and a Capital Account. The flow of goods, services, and money in and out of the United States is recorded in the current account. When national expenses exceed national income or budget, meaning the current account is â€Å"overdrawn,† it is referred to as a trade deficit. The US finances its current account deficit by issuing securities and bonds. Since fluctuations in the BOP also affects the value of the US dollar, the Federal Reserve uses a managed floating system by occasionally intervening to control fluctuations in the exchange rate. Daniel Griswold, in his 1998 trade policy analysis, states â€Å"No aspect of international trade is†¦ understood less than America’s perennial trade deficit†¦Trade deficits reflect the flow of capital across international borders, flows that are determined by†¦how much people save and invest. This renders trade policy1 an ineffective tool for reducing a nations trade deficit†¦[since] since trade deficit†¦has virtually nothing to do with trade policy.† Griswold explains that a country that has more investments than savings, such as the United States, must bring in capital from overseas through a capital account surplus. These foreign investments enable Americans to buy more goods and services even if they produce less, bridging the gap through a trade deficit. Since the mid-70s, the US has had a yearly trade deficit, reaching $100 billion in 1984 and over $150 billion in 1987. In 1991, the trade deficit dropped to $31 billion, but has been increasing since then, reaching over $190 billion2 in the fourth quarter of 2005 (BEA, 2006). Trade deficits have been blamed for â€Å"unfair† foreign

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay Example The higher the current ratio the greater is the company’s ability to pay its bills. It is also a tool which also helps make rational decisions in keeping with a company’s objectives. This is the reason why the bank insisted that they maintain a current ratio of 1.5. This would also enable the bank to keep a track on the company’s functioning. The accounting principle relevant here is conservatism. Conservative accounting can only cause temporary increase in the company’s earnings. The effect is temporary and the actual may differ and hence not considered a good indicator of subsequent earnings. Conservative accounting would raise questions about not only the balance sheet but also about the income statement. Accounting conservatism only helps to reduce disclosure. According to me it would he unethical to record the revenue of the new sales contract in December. It is always advisable to be honest with the bank because the relation with a bank is a long-term one. If the bank found out on its own it would reflect badly on the company and then the bank would be very cautious in all future transactions also. Manipulation may not be intended by the company but banks would be cautious in all future reporting by the company incase they found out. If the company records this revenue in December the current ration would increase. They could complete the contract in December itself and raise the bill. Once the bill is raised, whether they receive cash for it or it remains as current receivables, the current ratio goes up. In this case there is nothing wrong. But as can be seen it is already the 15th December. Would it be possible to complete the contract within this period? Besides, credit has to be given to the party so cash payments cannot be expected. But in the event that the contract is executed in January and considered in December just for the sake of reporting, it would be a false

Causes of the Rwanda Genocide

Causes of the Rwanda Genocide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXCoHxX1OC8list=PL089D8AFA5E9ADEC1index=20 What all begain as a social economic standing s between two groups in Rwanda ended up being the reason why 800000 people ended up losing their lives†¦ this battle didn’t only start with the Rwandan genocide in 1994, this battle has been here ever since the colonisation of Rwanda. Throughout the 1800s among other categories; Rwanda had two main categories for people that lived there, namely there were the Hutus and the Tutsis, but this had nothing to do with ethnic grouping whatsoever, these different categories were given onto another by the economical state of which they were in, if you had a large amount of cattle you were regarded as a Tutsi and if you had a small amount of cattle you would then be regarded as a Hutu there were interactions among these two categories people and one could easily move from being a Hutu to being a Tutsi vice versa, this was done either by marriage or by the accomplishment of cattle or the lose there of (Roseberg, 2014) so then the term Hutu or Tutsi had no bases of which clan one originated from or whether they were original found in Rwanda or not, and therefore generally speaking being a Tutsi held a higher strata in society (UN, 2014). This was all up until the white man came with his one ideology and human classificatio n this was all before the white men came to Africa the Rwandan people had their own system of running things but the white man came and he had the Bible and they had the land. They then put notion of Christianity into their minds and when the Rwandans got the hang of the white man’s system the white man had the land and Rwandans were left with notions that caused them hatred. (Sugirtharajah, 2006) Among these systems of how Rwanda operated the Rwandans had their own myths and believes of how humanity came to be (Mamdani, 2002, 79); firstly they believed in the sacral nature and the origin of human settlement in Rwanda that claimed monarchy originated from a heavenly king nkuba meaning thunder and that nkuba had two sons namely Kigwa and Tutsi and a daughter Nyampundu, the Rwandans believed that the nkuba alongside his wife Nyagasani lived in the heavens above and that one day these three siblings fell from the heavens and landed on the Rwandan Hill and as Kigwa married his sister their descendants were to be the Abanyinginya clan and as Tutsi their brother married on one of his nieces his descendants were the Abeega clan and these was to be the reason for the intermarriage among these two royal families(Mamdani, 2002, 79) The second myth was to be based on the social differences of the three groups. The myth claimed that the three sons namely Gatwa, Gahutu and Gatutsi went to God and asked for social abilities and the Gatutsi was given anger, Gahutu given disobedience and labour and the Gatwa was given the faculty, gluttony (Mamdani, 2002, 79) The third one claimed the first king of the earth Kigwa tested his three sons’ abilities by giving them milk to keep guide overnight, Gatwa was found to have drank the whole milk, Gahutu to have spilled his milk but the Gatutsi to have kept his milk intacked and that is why the Gatutsi was put in higher possible than the the two other brothers so that he can ensure that their bad traits are kept in check (Mamdani, 2002, 80). And it is in every one of these examples that the Tutsis and the Hutus all came from the same family even though other were put in position of power over the other but this was until the rival colonists arrived in Rwanda with their idea that the Tutsis were to be deemed better than the Hutus because they come from elsewhere (Mamdani, 2002, 80). During the era of the trans-Atlantio slave trade the racialized understanding of Africa was that there were three Africas, southern Africa â€Å"Africa proper† where there was no form of civilization and where slaves were found, north Africa â€Å"European Africa† that had some form of civilization as a result of the influence that Europe had on it and east Africa that was influenced by Asia, but as Africa was explored even further they found that this ideology became even less credible because they found forms of civilization where there had not been an European influence and this was then that they claimed this influence was not completely without European influence because these black people were the descendants of Canaan (Mamdani, 2002, 80), that were given the curse of ham. The curse of ham was given to Canaan’s children after his father ham had seen Noah who was Canaan’s Grandfather drunk and naked in the stupor. This curse was given to Ham that Canaan’s descendants shall be born ugly and black, they will have their hair twisted into kinks and their eyes will have red eyes and they will go naked and their male members shamefully elongated and they shall form subject to slavery (Mamdani, 2002, 81), this myth fitted in so perfectly with Rwanda people they both illustrated difference that arose from brothers so therefore humans(Mamdani, 2002, 80) paradox is that black people were to be regarded as slaves by this biblical curse â€Å"a servant of servants shall he be†(Mamdani, 2002, 81), by this curse the coloniser felt it highly Christian of them so enslave black people even though they were part of humanity (Mamdani, 2002, 81). But this believe of black having to be subjected to bad and all that is not to be liked does not only exist in Christianity, it is in every human being that the is a distinction from bad and good and it is in most case that black is always seen as the bad side, darkness is to be evil and light to be the good of things it is by this Manichean Allegory that colour can be deemed as a form of identifying what is good and what is bad, this allegory does only compare one from the other but it weighs it against another so there is to be degrees of which one can be deemed to be bad and so to be good, it was by this allegory that complex concepts are just to be put into black and white, bad and good, darkness and light. Because of the skin pigmentation difference that was found within the Hutus and the Tutsis the Manichean allegory was quick to take course and the Hutus being darker were to be deemed as the darkness the bad of things and the Tutsis as the more lighter ones as the light, the o nes to be in power and generally the more superior and to be regarded as foreigners in the Rwandan society and put in position of power and called the Hamitic people and the Hutus to be the Negros that are to be slaves to the Tutsis and therefore fall victim under their regime (Mamdani, 2002;82) All of these factors wouldn’t have caused the genocide to be what it was if only it wasn’t instituted into the Rwandan society and this took place when the Belgians arrived in Rwanda and put a minority power over a majority amount of Hutus. Rwanda was generally place full of magical beauty that was tacked away in the heart of Africa, Rwanda was among others an inspiration for the some writing material regard Gorillas (Meredith,2002; 485) it was a place of tourism attraction and as such its economy was just on the rise, between the 1956 and 1989 inflation rates were low, there was a high number of schoo enrolment and health facility were of good standards, their main export being coffee almost every house hold that was in the rural areas was involved in coffee production (Meredith, 2002;486) even though they were these highly positive aspects to Rwanda the politics of the country were still being ran by the Hamitic hypothesis and for this reason the Tutsis were being recognised as the enemy of the country(Meredith, 2002;486) because they were been said not to originate from but this notion was not the reason why they were killed these was just a long standing ethnic ideology that has long been standing but has commonly b een the scapegoat at the dispose of both the Tutsis and the Hutus whenever there is a crisis at hand, like in 1972 when Captain Michel Micombero a Tutsi, had rounded up all Hutus with any form of education and had them killed as a form of reducing the Hutu uprising (Meredith, 2002; 488). It seems as if though whenever the Rwandans are doing badly in the country they claim that there is up rise of the other ethnic group that wants to have their own power enforced onto others. Even though Rwanda was a place of beauty and all, during the time that President Kayibanda was the leader the government was about to collapse because of the great disagreements that were among the government (Meredith,2002;488). Among the other issues the most highlighted was that President Kayibanda favoured the southern Hutu clan more than he favoured the other Hutu clans of Rwanda because he himself was from the south of Rwanda( Meredith, 2002;489). So when the Tutsis that were exiled into neighbouring countries formed insurgent groups called the inyenzi that had a sole intention of restoring the Tutsi monarchy attacked a military camp and were heading for the country’s capital Kayibanda took this act as his opportunity to crush the Tutsi opposition(opposition (Meredith, 2002; 487) and send out his hate speeches of how the Tutsis wanted to run Rwanda once more (Meredith, 2002; 488) When his claims of terrorism by the Tutsis and his hate campaign did not work he got thrown into jail by his fellow Hutu man from the southern of Rwanda and Kayibanda died allegedly from starving (Meredith, 2002;489), he was succeeded by the very same man that put him into jail (Meredith, 2002; 490) and during most of his years of power which was during the 1970s and 1980s the Tutsi factor was not of importance to him (Meredith,2002;490) up until he himself needed a scapegoat to divert to. The killings that took place and the reasons for these kills On the 6th of April 1994 Habyarimana’s plane was shot down (Meredith, 2002; 507) although not known by which clan, the Hutu extremists and the RDF accused each other. Because of Habyarimana had signed the Arusha Accords making the hut hold on Rwanda week and allowing Tutsi participation (Rosenberg,2014), the Hutu extremists were heavily upset and therefore they took into action the plans that have been put into place for years which was the extermination of the Tutsi (Meredith, 2002;507). The victims that were be killed were not only to be Tutsis but also Hutus that were either willing to help Tutsis or that were standing in the way of the Hutu extremists that were willing to kill the Hutus lists of victims were properly prepared for both the opposition and every Tutsi’s name and addresses and they were tracked down and killed in their homes (Meredith, 2002; 503-507). So because of the Hamitic hypothesis the Tutsis had an element that made them distinct and the oppositions was just a mere minority (Girard, 1986; 17). Certain forms of media was also used as a method of not only identifying the people that were to be killed by radio broadcasts (Meredith, 2002; 507) but it was also used to pass on the propaganda of the whole genocide, it also continued the Hutus of the ways of which they are expected to behave as proper Hutus through the ten commandments that clearly stated that a hutu shall not have any form of mercy for a tutsi or any intermarriage between them(Gisenyi, 1990,4) it is paradoxical that they did not command them not to have sexual intercourses with them and that may be the reason why so many woman like Jane were raped and witnessed other being raped and killed (Nowrojee,1996). Through media the ten hutu commandments gained obedience from even pastors for they ignored the bible’s Ten Commandments and churches because the hotspots for these killings(Rwembeho, 2007) Bibliography Jennifer Rosenberg, 2014, Rwanda Genocide, http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide.htm , Date access: 26 May 2014. United Nations, 2014, Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country, http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml, Date access: 26 May 2014. Sugirtharajah, R. (2006) Voices from the Margin: INTERPRETING THE BIBLE IN THE THIRD WORLD, New York: Orbis Books, p25). Mamdani, M. (2002) When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda, Chapter Three, p76-87. Meredith, M., (2006) The Graves are not yet full!† in The State of Africa: A History of Fifty of Independence, London: Free Press. Girard, R., (1986) â€Å"Steriotypes of Persecution† in The Scapegoat. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University press. Gisenyi Information, (1990), Kangura Issue 06. Nowrojee, B., (1996) Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, United States of America. Rwembeho, S., (2007), Rwanda: When Churches Became Killing Fields, http://allafrica.com/stories/200703260402.html, Date accessed: 28 May 2014. Da Silva, S., (2007), Revisiting the ‘Rwandan Genocide’, http://www.globalresearch.ca/revisiting-the-rwandan-genocide/5848, Date accessed: 28 May 2014. 1 | Page

Principle of Convergence and the Theme of Disempowerment Essay

The Principle of Convergence and the Theme of Disempowerment In this paper, I propose to present interpretations of six works by French artists, three painters (Watteau, Delacroix, and Manet) and three novelists (Zola, Proust, and Camus), and to report on the unexpected discovery (if it deserves to be called such) that these disparate works have certain principles of structuring in common. Let us eliminate from the outset a possible source of distraction : these studies are interdisciplinary in character, but that seems to have nothing to do with the discoveries made. One way to throw light on the meaning of a novel or a painting is to view it in the light of a concept drawn from another discipline. Thus the various modes of structuralism borrowed from structural linguistics, either directly (e.g. via certain seminal works of Roman Jakobson, such as his famous essay on metaphor and metonymy) or indirectly (e.g. as mediated by the structural anthropology of Claude LÃ ©vi-Strauss). Such is the nature of interdisciplinary research. It is especially appropriate and valuable when a key element or a central aspect of a text has manifestly not given up its secrets to any of the traditional or conventional modes of analysis. In analyzing these works, I have had recourse to psychology, psychoanalysis, transactional analysis, group behaviour theory, feminism and control theory. However, the discovery I am presenting does not appear to depend in any way on the interdisciplinary character of the perspectives used. Rather, it depends on the plausibility of the interpretation and the central character of the aspects of the work being interpreted. Complexity in L’Embarquement pour Cythere. — The rococo is generally though... ...often without any obvious link between these two features having been noticed previously, is unexpected, both for the art critic and the literary critic. Equally intriguing is the discovery that each of the works we have examined here leads the viewer/reader through a two-part drama of disempowerment and re-empowerment that takes very different forms but in its essence recurs over and over again. As far as I know, this has never even been suspected by any critic or historian. It would be very interesting to know just how many great works of art and literature can be better understood in the light of such concepts or clusters of concepts as those used here. When we have noted that all these works appear to represent variations on one and the same drama, we are left with an intriguing question that remains to be answered : do they all have the same function?

Jacksonian Democracy Dbq Essay

During the 1828 election when Jackson ran for office the second time he succeeded, as he did previously, but this time nothing stood in his way of becoming president. The Jacksonian Democracy that Jackson had brought into the government when he was elected was a true democratic movement that was dedicated to it’s egalitarian views. Although, in this time period the equal rights ideas were still mainly for the white men, disregarding women, African Americans, and the Native Americans. The Jacksonian Democracy was a large force in the individual rights for the working class, as interpreted in Document A; â€Å"The Working Men’s Declaration of Independence†, by George Henry Evans, as he says, â€Å"‘But when a long train of abuses and usurpations’ take place, all invariably tending to the oppression and degradation of one class of society, and to the unnatural and iniquitous exaltation of another by political leaders, ‘it is their right, it is their duty:’ to use every constitutional means to reform the abuses of such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.† In his writing he quotes parts of the declaration to make a point that what the forefathers had said could be used to represent the working class, and to make a point that it was the government’s duty to protect such men from the lack of opportunities that the government failed to give them and the rights that they failed to protect i n the previous year with various government leaders. When Jackson was re-elected in 1832, the renewal of the National bank was vetoed by Jackson, and some think that it’s simply because he had a strong dislike for the men that were for the bank. In his veto message, Document B, Andrew Jackson stated that, â€Å"It appears that more than a fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners,† and Jackson had had a strong dislike for foreigner’s, chiefly the British, since he was a young boy, â€Å"and the residue is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly of the richest class.† It could be interpreted through this that Jackson, along with his dislike for Clay, wanted to keep the American government and economy ruled solely by the Americans, not an outside force like the French and British. Andrew Jackson was a strong believer of Nationalist values, and his values contributed to the way he saw individual rights. Jackson viewed the nation as a whole, and just being American – granted, if you were a white male, not of Irish descent – than you it was your right to have the same liberties as everyone else. You could vote, own land, run for office, and have the same opportunities as someone from the upper class if you were among the poorest in the country. Among the many equal rights opportunities, many reform movements began to take place that brought a new light to the Jacksonian government. Public education became something that every child could receive until they reached the age of a secondary school student, and having every child receive education was a large part of his equal rights value. The two other reforms were for the criminally insane/mentally insane, the Asylum movement, led by Dorothea Dix, and the Woman’s rights movement. Although Jackson didn’t believe in the same rights of man and woman, the movement went along with the equal rights and opportunities of his government. With the three new reforms taking place in the United States, they benefitted from the others. Women were able to secure jobs as nurse and school teachers, but with many rules, the insane were able to escape from the criminal and terrible conditions they were residing in, and children, whether they be male or female, could receive a prop er education. One of the largest movements of the day was the Second Great Awakening – a religious movement. Many people were given more freedom when it came to their religion, some converting, others not. Those who converted to the newly introduced religions were able to express their religious beliefs, while one hundred years prior they could not as openly. Although some religions were seen as improper, they weren’t as harsh to those of other religions as they may have been in the past. As a result of the changes in the American lifestyle, members of the Jacksonian Democracy believed that it was their duty to preserve the nation in the way that they had seen it, and in their eyes they viewed themselves as â€Å"the guardians of the United States, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity†.

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was the enormous land deal in which the United States, during the administration of Thomas Jefferson, purchased territory from France comprising the present day American Midwest The significance of the Louisiana Purchase was enormous. In one stroke the United States doubled its size. The acquisition of land made westward expansion feasible. And the deal with France guaranteed that the Mississippi River would become a major artery for American commerce, which provided a considerable boost to Americas economic development. At the time, the Louisiana Purchase was also controversial. Jefferson, and his representatives, were well aware that the Constitution did not give the president any authority to make such a deal. Yet the opportunity had to be taken. And to some Americans the deal seemed like a treacherous abuse of presidential power. The Congress went along with Jeffersons idea, and the deal was completed. And it turned out to be perhaps the greatest accomplishment of Jeffersons two terms in office. One remarkable aspect of the Louisiana Purchase is that Jefferson had not really been trying to buy that much land. He was only hoping to acquire the city of New Orleans, but the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, offered a much more attractive deal. Background of the Louisiana Purchase At the beginning of Thomas Jeffersons administration there was great concern in the American government about control of the Mississippi River. It appeared obvious that access to the Mississippi, and especially the port city of New Orleans, would be vital to the further development of the American economy. In a time before canals and railroads, good would need to travel down the Mississippi. As France had lost its grip on its colony of Saint Domingue (which became the nation of Haiti after a slave revolt), the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, saw less value in hanging on to Louisiana. The idea of a French empire in the Americas was essentially abandoned. Jefferson was interested in acquiring the port of New Orleans. But Napoleon directed his diplomats to offer the United States the entire Louisiana territory, which essentially included what today is the American Midwest. Jeffersons ultimately accepted the deal, and purchased the land for $15 million. The actual transfer, where the land became American territory, took place at the Cabildo, a building in New Orleans, on December 20, 1803. Impact of the Louisiana Purchase When the deal was finalized in 1803, many Americans, including especially government officials, were relieved because the Louisiana Purchase ended the crisis over control of the Mississippi River. The enormous acquisition of land was viewed as a secondary triumph. The purchase, however, would have a huge effect on Americas future. In total, 15 states, in whole or in part, would be carved out of the land acquired from France in 1803:Â  Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. While the Lousiana Purchase came as a surprising development, it would profoundly change America, and help to usher in the era of Manifest Destiny.

Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essays

Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essays Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essay Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essay The two sections of interest from the OBS module are observations into the concepts of organisational culture and scientific management of work design. I will look at the challenges posed to the theories of these areas and use my interaction with my employer (Tesco) to provide concise first person examples. Organisational culture can be seen as a backbone of a company, however as the tangible aspects of it are barely visible it can be hard to derive theories from practice. Looking at the meaning of organisational culture: The culture of an organisation is made up of traditions, habits, ways of organising and patterns of relationships at work(C Molander Winterton 1994), further explained it is the feeling created with an organisation, the climate and energy within the people of the workplace and its environment. It shows focus on the values and norms of how things are done and approached in organisations, the patterns of order and task completion. The are three levels of culture according to Shein (1992), cultural artifacts, values and basic assumptions, with cultural artefacts being the only tangible, visible one, embedding such things as traditions, logos and the type of people within it. The values aspect depicts the group thought and their expectation of the future, this being a covert aspect as it can only be unearthed through detailed investigation. Basic assumptions being even more covert as it entails looking into the actual psyche of the individual, what they believe of the world, (is there such thing as a universal, timeless human truth or reality or do we live in dynamic worlds that are largely of our own making? ) (Joana Brewis 2007, p. 348). There are two underlining approaches to organisational culture that researchers in this field categorise, one is that culture is something that an organisation has and the other is that culture is something that the organisation is. The has approach explains that culture is derived from a set plan, changed and moulded by the managers to a specific degree of freedom and control to achieve the one best way of functioning, Peters and Waterman (1982). This is a mainstream approach and is used by many large companies that try to create a good environment and effective culture. The is approach explains that culture is organic, organisations culture builds from the individuality of the people and physical forces within it, as a process over time, without conscious plan. The first challenge posed for the two theories is distinguishing them within the organisation. The mainstream approach is the most recognised and researched approach, most large companies would desire to use this approach and develop the culture from scratch so that it functions solely for the organisations needs. However even when it does do its best at achieving this, the natural problems that an organisation can encounter may hinder the cultural equilibrium. My evidence comes from my employment with a huge supermarket chain Tesco, as a year long employee of this company and working on many different departments throughout the lower end of the chain. Tesco carries out the has belief similarly, with employing many ways to counter the need for control of culture. A set list of required behaviour titled as expectations is presented to the employee where they have to agree to the terms set. This is an official outlined code of conduct, that categorises the culture of the organisation and expects the employee to abide and follow. This can be seen as a form of cultural engineering (Jackson and Carter,2000, p. p 27-28), narrowing down the range of decisions an employee can choose to reach the required goal. This is also seen as the corporate culture, the official way of doing things, but as in all organisations, there is also the organisational culture, the way things are actually done, this may differ greatly depending on how much control is put upon the employees by the company. Tesco corporately shows great enthusiasm in employing control to create a stable culture where motivation and organisational performance thrives, however many factors can affect the competency of this. In my experience, the relationship with the manager and other employees has a great impact on the shaping of culture and how much it stays constant. If a good relationship with the manager is created, in terms of the expectations from each other such as working at the times asked and working at the times wanted, then no segregation is present, however if problems arise between managers and employees as whole, then a Them and us approach is seen. This is where the employees see the managers as a ifferent entity working for a different goal that is opposite to the one of the employees. This challenge can be seen as a form of sub-culture developing, where the forced beliefs of the organisation no longer play a leading role in the employees psyche but a separate route of thought is created, potentially damaging the company in forms of lesser productivity as of employee de-motivation. Sub-cultures however can be managed, looked at critically to see how they can be brought together to crea te a coherent, functional entity. Brown, 1998, p. 72). Actual theories deriving from the has approach have been extensive, many researchers believe they have found the right way of doing things to get the best organisational performance. Concrete research has been created on the types organisational cultures that exist within modern companies and how, they in their own right, function. Deal and Kennedy (1988) and Handy (1993) developed a comprehensive description of theyre four key categories that fit to range of organisations. First category is named The power culture depicting a type of organisation where the owner is the central source of power, that delegates to lower managers but giving them freedom to their own decisions, to compete for the completion of a task. This is a tough culture where high labour turnover may be present through low moral. The role culture is a type of an organisation that functions on the basis of standardised policies and job descriptions. Tasks of employees would involve only what is required of them, as they were selected solely for the purpose of the job description. This type of culture creates stability for the employer and employees, with constant supply of workers for the tasks in hand for the employer and the safety at the company for the employee, being valued and nurtured to climb up the career ladder. Third culture is The task culture, where the central point of function is the team, required to work together on a project where the completion of the job is the ultimate goal. The final culture is The cluster/person culture is centred around the individual, with freedom to do what the individual wants, to carry out the tasks that perceived to be most important. This culture is largely cited in consulting agencies. Tesco can be seen as a role culture, the tasks of the general employee would be constrained to the guidelines given, each department with its own standardised way of functioning, ultimately set out by the directors. As the link of communication between the directors and the employees are the managers, it can be easy to not fulfil the required guidelines of the directors through misdirection from the manager. Misguidance or no guidance at all would break up the process, giving much emphasis on the importance of a good manager and relationship with that manager for this type of culture to work. As to what the the one best way of cultural organisation is, I turn to Peters and Waterman (1982), they published the most well known and widely spread empirical text on this issue, values of which are still vigorously used in organisations today. The text sets out the eight tenets for an organisation to follow, having A bias for action, being Close to the customer, having Autonomy and entrepreneurship, Productivity through people, being Hands-on, value driven, Stick to the knitting- produce what is good at, Simple form, lean staff flat structure and flexible staff, Simultaneous loose-tight properties- discretion and centralised values. This sets out a standard for a good culture, when carried out effectively, it can be indefinitely seen that the values work and contribute. However such a concise regime of culture can also be damaging, strong cultures can start overlooking their own values or creating a pedantic approach, attention to detail .. turns into an obsession with minutia, rewarding innovation turns to gratuitous invention (Trice and Beyer, 1993, p380). This breakdown can be seen in many large companies including Tesco; as the largest retailer in Britain with profits over four billion pounds, it can be assumed that the culture at Tesco is strong. Underling values of culture have been tried and tested and would include most of the tenets outlined, however it can be seen across the years in the patterns of employment at Tesco that this tight regime to concise values of culture sometimes integrates negative values. At times when demand is high, such as festive periods, they employ a large number of temporary staff, however sometimes they forget to mention that they are temporary. The staff train up and achieve as much as could be expected of them, better than employees that have been working there for longer, showing that their culture functions effectively in nurturing employees. However when festive periods end, demands lowers and temporary contracts run out. Tesco have the right to get rid of all temporary staff in concession to efficiency policies. In doing so they loose out in their own created good employees, almost indirectly create a small negative part of their one best culture. The contradicting approach, and sometimes the reason that the has approach fails is the is approach. It states that leaders do not create culture, it emerges from the collective social interaction of groups and communities (Meek, 1988, p. 459),- the different types of people combine with their own values and assumptions to create their own innovative, coherent culture. As I have explained in some examples of Tescos functions, this natural process of people evolving their own culture within a has approach culture shows presence of the is culture. However as the company is the culture, this includes all aspects of company functions as a contribution to the overall culture. In comparison to the Has theory, Is theorists look at established cultures and evaluate its continuous innovation and how well it does at learning the truce and coping with demands of employed life. (Mills and Murgatroyd, 1991, p 62). The natural progression of a culture is seen in empirical study by Collinson (1988), the investigation concentrated on the way that employees at a lorry truck factory dealt with the mundane lives of a low skilled, low paid and unvalued worker. It showed how the employees developed a joking and teasing atmosphere in their day to day working environment to evoke a sense of pride, as to not frail their macho persona. Collinson claims that this was not a way of showing a resistance to the oppressive system and it did not allow for a basis of belonging, but only showed how they developed a culture to cope, he backs this up with the fact that the workers voted to accept the redundancy payout, with out counteraction, after the factory announce it was closing down. The challenge posed to this conclusion is comprised of my observation of Tescos employees, specifically the temporaries and part time workers. As these types of workers may not consider them selves to be fully emerged in the organisations culture they latch onto any kind of sense of belonging that may be created. One of them being the type of banter cited in Collinsons investigation, thus proclaiming that if there were part time workers in the truck making factory that they may have valued it more as a sense of belonging. The second section of Organisational Behaviour that I will be looking at is the design of work, specifically the classical, scientific and Fordist approaches to creating the structure for employees to be more effective and efficient in. Structure can be concisely but simply defined as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination of organisation and structure (Minsberg, 1979, p2). The way in which the factors of revenue and profit creation (employees and environment) are put together to achieve the one best way of operating. This is the classical approach to organisational structure that has been most investigated by Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol. These classical theorists tried to find a way of replacing the old uncontrolled structures that worked on the rule of thumb to provide a more methodical and systematic approach to work design. Henri Fayol developed fourteen key principles explaining this, which he derived from his experience in turning around a near bankrupt company. (Fayols Principles of Administration) These principles have been summarised by Huczynski and Buchanan (2001, p. 02) into five basic proclamations, that also exist within Tescos structure as I shall examine. First of the principles being Functional division of work- a team for each of Tescos functions exists to work and concentrate on only their own departments and section of work. The next imperative posed is Hierarchical relationships- a clear chain of command exists at Tesco, with team leaders being the lower supervisors of em ployees through to department, store and regional managers. Bureaucratic forms of control- clearly evident at Tesco with the amount of regulations and policies sent down from the head office to set out the set guidance and rules. Narrow supervisory span- as there are is a large amount of managers on shop floor at once it could be seen there is a large supervisory span, however normally only the manager and the team leader would be in control of that departments employees. Finally Closely prescribed roles the roles in each department are filled by a specific type of employee to fit that role, and is constant throughout. The main concern for Fayols theory is that it has little information on the way that the set out principles can integrate. The hierarchical relationships at Tesco can be loose, when the general employee is looking to communicate vertically up the ladder of command, any department or higher member of another department can be contacted. For example this may happen if a label is missing from the shelf, a shelf stacker can go to either a member of Price Integrity or Stock Control, or any manager and team leader of any department to follow up this query. Under Fayol principle of a narrow supervisory span and hierarchical relationships this may not be possible, the shelf stacker would have to look for his manager or team leader to communicate the problem, loosing time and effectiveness of staff. Classical theorists went further to develop this new approach at looking at the operations of a company more critically and how the structure of it relates to the output and performance. Frederic Taylor developed the scientific approach which demonstrates three principles of increasing productivity and efficiency. Frederick W. Taylor, 1911). First principle mentioned is the separation of design and planning work from actually doing it, this involves creating a structure for each function and operation before actually carrying out the operation. Taylors second principle detailed division of labour, sets out the need to have departments that control their own functions and set of employees. The final principle based on observation of working pra ctices, this means to identify the best form of practice, and derive laws and policies to manage this. Taylor also emphasised on monitoring the results of such operations, so that precise management analysis can be made and structure improved where needed. Taylor greatly focused on the need to improve Americas industry efficiency as he thought that insufficiency was present through out the country, in forms of uncontrolled labour and its ultimate output, and to tackle this companies would have to provide Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that workers discrete task (Montgomery, 1989 ). At Tesco, this principle is used, along with many others of Taylors theories, however integration of these principles poses a challenge to the theory. If only a certain route of tasks is trained to that set of employees, then if the employees decide to change roles within the company or try to complete work outside their capabilities, then problems may occur. I gave the example of a missing label on a Tesco shelf, with Tayolors approach of a singular role, the shelf stacker would indeed have to go to a different department or manager to solve his problem. However Ive noticed that Tesco try to provide each employee with as much information about other departments and tasks so that they can solve any problems for them selves. Tesco also allows cross department shifts, so if a department is running low on staff at a certain period, the employees from other departments can quickly fill the gap. This is a innovation to Taylors scientific approach, allowing the organisation to be more flexible when needed. Taylors scientific management can be seen demonstrated in practice and on a large mass production scale by Henry Ford, who used a scientific method of designing production structures, specifically his production line. Incorporating high division of labour rigidly controlled by hierarchical command and detailed guidance. Also simplifying the employees tasks so that they function quicker with out room for thought. Challenge is posed by theorists Harry Braverman The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Tesco can provide a wide rage of examples of deskilling, for example till workers can be replaced by self service tills, only partially in most stores, but recently fully, as a convenience Tesco store has been opened in England with out any till operators at all. (Daily Mail 22 October 2009) (1974) arguing that through fragmentation rationalisation mechanisation had created a way of making employees more disposable, and easily replaceable. Organisations underlying need to improve on efficiency as the best way of profit maximisation, leads to creating cheaper ways of carrying operations and tasks, ultimately leading to deskilling and separation of mental and manual labour. Reference Books: Knights, D and Willmott. H, (1949, first published in 1916) Introducing Organizational Behaviour Management, London. Molander, C. Winterton, J. (1993/4), Managing Human Resources, Routledge , London. Frederick, W. Taylor, (1911), The Principles of Scientific Management ,New York. H, Braverman (1974), Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco. Peters, Thomas J. Waterman, Robert H. , (1982), In search of excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies, New York. Jackson, N, P, Carter, (2000), Rethinking Organisational Behaviour, Essex. Brown, A, (1998) Organizational Culture,Trans-Atlantic Pubns. Deal, T Kennedy, A (1988), Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life, Lodon. Harrison, M Beyer, M, (1993), The cultures of work organizations, Eglewood Cliffs. Meek, L (1988), Organizational Culture: Origins and Weaknesses, Austra lia. Mintzberg, H, (1979) The structuring of organizations: A synthesis of the research, Englewood Cliffs. Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (2001), Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text (Instructor’s Manual),Prentice Hall. F, W. Taylor, The principles of scientific management, (1998) Norcross. Web: The principles of Scietific managent, (last modified, 2009) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Scientific_Management Tesco opes first fully self-service store, (2009) thisismoney. co. uk/news/article. html? in_article_id=492247in_page_id=2