Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand Essay Example

Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand Paper Bangkok is one of the worlds major tourist destinations. Writers such as Warren (1999) reveal that Bangkok is also known as the City of Angels. Over a long period of time the attractions of this contemporary capital city of the Kingdom of Thailand have encouraged travellers to come to visit. People have been attracted to come to the Kingdom by the exotic beauty. In early times only businessmen and traders came to Bangkok. In recent times, however, it has become a mass tourism destination. A wide variety of natural and cultural attractions that suit the motivations of visitors from many countries entice people to this capital city. The tourist industry has responded to the international travel market by providing an extensive range of facilities to satisfy travellers demands. Tourism has given the Thais a reason for preserving their culture and protecting their heritage. However, since the arrival of U.S. marines, Thailand has been burden by the sex symbol which tainted the cultural rich image of the Kingdom. This essay aims to provide an analysis of Bangkok as a cultural tourism destination and to explore the efforts which the local government endeavour to change the negative image of sex tourism to cultural tourism. It identifies attractions that pull people to Bangkok and considers the motives that urge people to respond to the pull of its attractions. It also notes the ways in which the major divisions of the tourist industry supply the needs of tourists. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Tourism in Bangkok, Thailand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cultural Tourism Brokensha and Guldberg (1992 p.3) provide many descriptions of cultural tourism. The description most relevant to cultural tourism in Bangkok is mixing with and meeting local people, and learning about lifestyles and cultures. The aims of the cultural tourist can be achieved through attending cultural events, experiencing and appreciating built heritage and the natural environment, and gaining education and pleasure from these experiences. The city of Bangkok, through its natural and cultural attractions, provides many opportunities for these kinds of experiences and activities. History of Bangkok, Thailand The Thai, descendants of ancient Pamir plateau stock, are racially related to the Chinese and were one of the major peoples that migrated from southern China to mainland Southeast Asia. After entering the valley of the Chao Phraya River, they defeated and dispersed the Khmer settlers, ancestors of the Cambodians, and established the Kingdom of Thailand. People lived and traded near the Chao Phraya River. The trading and the population later expanded to other inland regions. Bangkok was established in 1782 as central city for trading. The famous story based on the diary of Anna Leonowens in Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landons. However, tourism actually began in the 1960, where U.S troops used Thailand as a base to attack Vietnam. It is likely that the soldiers told their friends about the exotic beauty of the Kingdom when they return home. Bangkok Natural Environment Bangkok is the contemporary capital city of the Kingdom of Thailand. It is located on the Gulf of Thailand coast. Bangkok has many rivers that connect the city to the sea. One of the worlds renowned rivers is the Chao Phraya River where Thailand first began. Much of Bangkoks history happened along both sides of the Chao Phraya River. Throughout history, the Thais depended on this river for their daily needs, such as cooking, laundry, swimming, fishing and as a source of drinking water. In addition, since the beginning of the Kingdom, people lived and traded along this river. This culture of trading and living by the Chao Phraya River carries on till today. The tropical climate in this region attracts tourist from Europe where the winter is extremely cold. Chon, Singh and Mikula (1993) reveal tourists generally visit Bangkok for urban life and then travel to the neighbouring suburban areas to experience the natural environment of the beach such as in Pattaya or Khor Chang. Some activities enjoyed by tourists are scuba diving, jet skiing, sun-bathing and parachuting. For tourists who want to be amid the peaceful atmosphere and observe the traditional ways of life by the water, Bangkok has much to offer. There are services which have been established to cater to tourists needs. This is in line with Smiths (1988 pp.179-190) supply-side concept. There are hotels, taxi boats, floating market, restaurants and other transportation services targeted at enabling tourist to experience the culture of the Thai. Tourists can experience the way of life that has be carried on for many generations. Tourists from other parts of the world, which are wealthier and economically advanced, can experience novelty and change as Cohen (1974 pp.527-555) suggests. Major features of Thai Society The origins of the Thai people are in the Southern part of China. The people were strongly influence by Buddhism, the central of the Thai culture, which was brought to the region by Buddhist missionaries from India. The Thais manifest their faith by building and skilfully crafting the elaborated works of arts of the temples. There are many temples in Thailand; however the glorious and magnificent ones are situated in Bangkok. Most men and women were peasants and depend their livelihood on farming rice, vegetables and fruits at minimal wages. Peieggi (1996) reveals that since the U.S troops came to Thailand, the people realised the demand for hedonistic pleasure among these soldiers. Young girls and boys were sold for money as a source of family income. After the Vietnam War, due to the influx of tourists visiting Bangkok, there have been new job opportunities opened for the Thais. The Thais perform cultural dance, sword fighting and Muai Thai (Thai boxing) for the tourists viewing pleasure. Throughout history, there have been several images of Thai society. These include images of leisure and eroticism. Gibbon and Fish (1998) compliment Thailand for its richness in culture and its hospitable people. On the contrary, Peieggi (1996) suggests that there have been high ratio of males visiting Thailand, primarily for its hedonistic appeal. Ashworth and Brian (1989) explain that such image is a challenge and the country is endeavouring to change; however, the most important image for the tourists is that Thailand is a cultural centre where everyone is kind and hospitable. The history of Tourism in Bangkok Thailand Although visitors came to Thailand many centuries ago, it was not really until the late 1960s and early 1970s that the Kingdom began its career as a major tourist destination. In the 1960s, the large US troop presence in Southeast Asia produced a surge in Thailands tourism. Since then, the boom has continued, although the large number of hotels has led to heavy competition and fairly low occupancy rates. In the 1960s, Thailand became a favoured place for the nomads from affluence (Cohen, 1973), young drifter tourists who were escaping the evils of the developed world in order to find culture and wisdom in the East. These people preferred to stay in motels or cheaper hotels to avoid the more luxurious facilities provided for the tourists. These nomadic hippies were attracted by advertisement in magazines and friends who had been to Thailand. In late 1990s, Thailand was promoted as Amazing Thailand as a paradise inhabited by a serene, harmonious people. The Hollywood movie entitled The Beach with leading actor Leonardo DeCaprio, illustrated the exotic island life. This was the period of mass tourism. Peieggi (1996) explains that Thailand emerged a popular destination due to its peaceful religion and its exotic culture. In 2001Bangkok has been named as the number one tourist city in the world by readers of the American magazine Travel and Leisure, the citys Peninsula Hotel also coming in first in their readers survey of the top hotels. It was particularly popular with Europeans and Americans. As Elliot (1983) explains the success of tourism was partly due to its natural environment, friendly people, exotic culture and a central position of the air route of the region. The Government began to focus its resources on tourism in 1982 when studies showed that tourism was the nations top foreign currency earner. In addition, during the APEC meeting in 2004, due to the fear of terrorism and the importance of the tourist industry, the government heightened the security during this period of time. The fear was greater when the President of the United States of America, George W Bush, was attending the meeting. The Impact of Tourism of the Thais Tourism has had a variety of impacts, both negative and positive, on Thai society. Hewison (1987 p9) laments that due to tourism, many of the attractions in Thailand can be manufactured for the purpose of gaining more visitors. As Peieggi (1996) suggests because of the hedonistic appeal that Bangkok offers to male tourists, Thailand has been ranked statistically the highest scoring nation for the spread of AIDS. (Leheny 1995; Ritcher 1989) explain that tourism played a major role in the expansion of sex tourism, and has transformed the nations rich culture into an embarrassing burden. (Leheny 1995; Ritcher 1989) argues that tourism has ensured the preservation of the Thai culture and has made the Thais more aware of their own culture than they might otherwise have been. Elliot (1983) points out that the money the Thais have earned through displaying their culture to the tourists has help sustain them financially. Cohen (1995 pp 225-233) explains that commodities crafted by villagers attract tourists attending due to the craftsmanship, beauty and exoticism. The villagers can sell these items to tourist for income. On the other hand, the villages much desire commodities which tourists use, such as denim jacket, T-shirt and jeans. There have been concerns reported by local media that the Thais risk loosing its unique culture by pursuing similarities with the western culture. Kontogeorgopoulos (1998) advocates that tourism increases employment opportunities for the locals. The author further explains that due to tourism, there will be construction of hotels and other facilities to service the tourists. Locals will be employed and trained in various areas. For instance, the locals can learn to speak the English language to enhance the ability to communicate with foreigners and increase their employability. Pull Factors The exotic culture of Thailand has attracted tourists from many parts of the world to experience the way of life of the Thai society. As mentioned earlier, the Thais used to live and trade along the river. Tourists can experience this way of life Ratchaburi province which is about 80 km southwest of Bangkok. There, the tourists will discover a popular floating market. There will be small boats laden with colourful fruits and vegetables which are paddled by local women wearing bamboo hats. These images are often advertised for cultural tourism of Thailand, in travel magazines and brochures. Inquisitive tourists can embark on a tour onboard these boats. Another tourist attraction relating to cultural tourism is the Songkran festival. It is an ancient festival, which is celebrated by the Thais annually and is influenced by the ancient Hindu astrological calendar. It is a common feature of the agricultural cultures of Thailand. In the old days, scented water was used mainly for blessings and paying respect to the elders. Tourists visiting Bangkok or in any parts of Thailand can join in the celebration and enjoy getting wet throughout the day. Likely Motivational Factors As tourists do not normally state their motives and wants in choosing a destination, it is difficult to know with certainty the motivation factors a tourist has in mind. Dann (1981 pp 209-211) explains that the difficulties lie partly in the inability or unwillingness of the tourists to articulate their motivations. However, tourists behaviours hint their likely motivation. Many tourists choose to visit Bangkok in order to escape from their routine to experience change and novelty as Cohen (1974 pp 527-555) or for the purpose of leisure. Tourists choose Bangkok as a destination to revitalise themselves for a period of time before feeling ready to go back to work. Tourist experience the exotic culture of the Thai society. The tourists can maximise the time they have in Bangkok, where there are many cultural activities orchestrated for tourists. Tourists can enjoy watching the Thai dance or the making of Thai handicrafts in parks and other recreation areas. Temporally, the tourists forget about the stress and pressure of work back home. The laidback or slow lifestyle of the Thai agricultural culture enables tourist to ease tension and feel more relaxing physically, emotionally and mentally. Hospitality in Thailand Esichaikul (1998 pp. 359-369) explains that tourism offers a lucrative source of income for Thailand. The author further suggests that the provision of accommodation, food and drink are important to the countrys economy. Hospitality in Thailand ranges from luxurious facilities to very affordable home-stay. Outside of Bangkok, tourists can stay in stilt hotels on the dam, resorts and hotels by the beach or huts in the forest. Tourists can relax and enjoy the tranquillity that nature offers in this tropical climate. The Thai cuisine is unique and it reflects the exotic culture of the local society. The cuisine includes affordable seafood which the Japanese particularly enjoy. During the APEC meeting, the Prime Minister of Japan, Junichiro Koizumi, indulged himself every night in various kinds of seafood. Other cuisine includes pineapple rice, papaya salad, Tom Yam soup and the Tok Tok noodles sold in the floating market. Thai cuisine is spicy and sweet in general; some adventurous tourists may be challenged to try the food, some tourists may resort to western food like McDonalds and Subway sandwiches. Nonetheless, Thai food is low in cholesterol and healthy as many dishes often incorporate fruits in the preparation stage. Transportation Due to the geographical location, tourists can travel to Bangkok by many means. The International air-port has facilities to accommodate various sizes of planes. Backpackers having visited the neighbouring Malaysia, Cambodia of Singapore can also choose to travel economically by trains and busses. Due to traffic congestion in Bangkok, other interesting modes of transport have emerged to allow people to travel efficiently. Along the Chao Phraya River, tourists can travel by express boats cross to other regions. In addition, tourists may wish to travel at a slower pace, by long-tail boats, in order to enjoy the riverside scenery. On land, tourists can travel on the elephants back, which in the past was only suited for the Kings. Travelling on elephants backs can be interesting; tourists will sway from side to side slowly high above ground level. Tourists often find this mode of transport amusing and exciting. Apart from taxis and busses, tourists can also choose to travel on a three-wheeled Tuk Tuk to zigzag between vehicles without being hampered by the traffic jam. Conclusion In conclusion, cultural tourism in Thailand provides many exotic experiences for tourists. The government of Thailand has been investing resources in advertising campaigns to change the erotic image of by emphasizing the cultural richness of the Kingdom. It is apparent that such change remains the greatest challenge to the country. Though tourism has impacted Thailand negatively; it has provided employment and other financial benefits to the Thais and the nation in many related industry.

Where to Buy German Books Online

Where to Buy German Books Online Even though large bookstores have for the most part shut down in America there are still many independent bookstores. Many of them cater to specific genres or types of books. If learning languages and foreign translations are your things then these bookstores are a must see. The following is a listing of German bookstores and distributors both online and via telephone in the United States an Canada. Die Bà ¼cherstube If youre  looking for imported German books and music, Die Bà ¼cherstube website is for you. This family business has been running online since 1996. Dont let the antiquated look of the site fool you, theyve got what you need. P.O. Box 700Pelion, SC 29123Tel: 1-888-BUECHER (283-2437)Toll-free in US/CanadaFax: (803) 894-5307Email: infobuecherstube.com Continental Book Company If you need language and common core books the Continental Book Company online store is perfect for you. Its website is also a little old school but its easy to navigate and find what you need. It provides books in nearly a dozen languages.   625 E. 70th Ave., #5Denver, CO 80229Tel: (303) 289-1761Fax: (303) 289-1764 European Book Company, Inc If youre hoping for a more tailored experience check out European Book Companys website. If you cant find what youre looking for in their extensive digital stack just send them an email. Anything they cant find in-house theyre usually happy to special order.   925 Larkin StreetSan Francisco, CA 94109Tel: (415) 474-0626Fax: (415) 474-0630Email: infoeuropeanbook.com Galda Leuchter International Booksellers This library service is actually part of a German publisher which specializes in academic texts. If youre a college student needing older German texts the Galda Leuchter International Booksellers store will suit your needs.   Galda Library Services Inc.33 Richdale AvenueCambridge, MA 02140Tel.: (617) 864-8232Fax: (617) 497-0937Email: glsbookworld.std.com Abe German Book Center   If youre really looking to cut out large corporate sites then you have to check out Abe German Book Center. The website links together thousands of independent bookstores, allowing you to access all their catalogs from one site.   German Book Center N.A. Inc.1317 County Road 56Mountaindale, NY 12763Email: germanbookmsn.com GLP German Language Publications, Inc. If youre really looking to immerse yourself in the German language, you should try reading the German editions of your favorite magazines.  GLP German Language Publications, Inc. offers subscriptions of popular German newspapers and magazines.   153 South Dean St.Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07631Tel.: (201) 871-1010Fax: (201) 871-0870Email: 75557.105compuserve.com IBIS - International Book Import Service, Inc. Located in an old Jack Daniels Distillery, this family business has been serving individuals and universities since 1989. Let International Book Import Service fulfill all your German language book needs.   161 Main StreetP.O. Box 8188Lynchburg, TN 37352-8188Tel: (800) 277-4247Fax: (931) 759-7555Email: IBISIBIService.com New Mastodon If youre looking for German books, DVDs, CDs and fine prints you need to visit New Mastodons site. This family-run business also offers media in Spanish and Italian.   5820 Wilshire Blvd. #101Los Angeles, CA 90036Tel: (323) 525 1948Fax: (323) 525 0266Email: newmastodonearthlink.net Schoenhofs Foreign Books Inc. Founded in 1856 this store offers one of the largest selections of foreign language books in North America. If you love to visit brick and mortar stores Schoenhofs Foreign Books Inc. is worth the visit.   76a Mount Auburn StreetCambridge, MA 02138Tel. (617) 547-8855Fax: (617) 547-8551Email: infoschoenhofs.com Book Stage   Book Stage  offers new as well as rare and out of print books. Its a great place to find antique titles.   126 Waterloo St. S.Stratford, ON N5A 4B4Tel.: 1 519 2720937Fax: 1 519 2720927Email: bookstagebellnet.ca

Japanese colonialism was fundamentally different from western Essay

Japanese colonialism was fundamentally different from western colonialism. Do you agree Discuss - Essay Example Such, it cannot be generalized that all colonial nations follow the same form of colonialism that bears the same geopolitical meaning and practice across regions and continents. This fundamental difference in colonialism can be best illustrated in the case of Japan when contrasted with its colonialist counterpart in the western part of the world where its colonialist differences were identified in this paper. The most plausible cause that can be identified for this difference was that Japan jumped in the colonialist foray later than its western counterpart that it had an implication why colonialism in the East, particularly Japan, fundamentally differed from its counterpart in the West. It can be surmised that while the west has already a deep experience of colonizing, the idea of colonialism was only impinged into the consciousness of Japan in the 1870’s with the Meiji Restoration (Myers and Peattie, 1984) which has an implication on how it exercised its power and prerogative over its colonized countries. Japan’s exposure in colonialist effort was short while its western counterparts had already a long history of colonizing exploits that stretched as far back as 900 A.D. with the crusades. This wide gap in terms of colonizing experience has an implication on Japan’s motivation, purpose and method of colonizing that fundamentally differed from the West which will be elaborated in this paper. ... II. The Fundamental Difference of Japanese Colonialism from Western Colonialism A. Timeline and motivation for being a colonial power The western colonizers have a very long and deep experience in colonizing. While Japan as a country was still struggling among itself in 900 A.D., Europe has already embarked on a crusade to reclaim the Holy Land from the Turks and Saracens in the Middle East. Needless to say, the West already has already a deep experience with colonizing while Japan only learned the idea of colonialism in the 1870’s. It is also important to note that before the Meiji Restoration in the 1870’s, it came from a 200 year isolationist policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate and as such, was economically and military inferior compared to the west. In addition, Japan began with the same disadvantages just like its neighboring Asian countries. Also, just like any other non-European states, it was forced to sign unequal treaties that chafed the ire of its nationalists a s an infringement of its national sovereignty. Moreso, when Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States came to Japan in 1853 with its fleet that forced Japan to open itself to trade and end its self-imposed isolation (Myers and Peattie, 1984:78). This made Japan realize how backward they were and prompted them to embark on a nationalist endeavor to strengthen itself and become a respected country. This sentiment was recorded by a memorandum of saga samurai, Eto Shimpei in 1856 that â€Å"what was required . . ., was a long-range plan to utilize the talents, not merely of all Japanese, but of talent wherever it might be found in tools, in arms, in medicine, in land development, in astronomy, and so on, should be utilized

Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Managerial Economics - Essay Example The Balance of Payments (BOP) refers to the sum of all economic exchanges between countries and includes expenses and income from the trade of goods and services, and financial transactions, including foreign direct investment. These exchanges, or transactions, fall under two categories: A Current Account and a Capital Account. The flow of goods, services, and money in and out of the United States is recorded in the current account. When national expenses exceed national income or budget, meaning the current account is â€Å"overdrawn,† it is referred to as a trade deficit. The US finances its current account deficit by issuing securities and bonds. Since fluctuations in the BOP also affects the value of the US dollar, the Federal Reserve uses a managed floating system by occasionally intervening to control fluctuations in the exchange rate. Daniel Griswold, in his 1998 trade policy analysis, states â€Å"No aspect of international trade is†¦ understood less than America’s perennial trade deficit†¦Trade deficits reflect the flow of capital across international borders, flows that are determined by†¦how much people save and invest. This renders trade policy1 an ineffective tool for reducing a nations trade deficit†¦[since] since trade deficit†¦has virtually nothing to do with trade policy.† Griswold explains that a country that has more investments than savings, such as the United States, must bring in capital from overseas through a capital account surplus. These foreign investments enable Americans to buy more goods and services even if they produce less, bridging the gap through a trade deficit. Since the mid-70s, the US has had a yearly trade deficit, reaching $100 billion in 1984 and over $150 billion in 1987. In 1991, the trade deficit dropped to $31 billion, but has been increasing since then, reaching over $190 billion2 in the fourth quarter of 2005 (BEA, 2006). Trade deficits have been blamed for â€Å"unfair† foreign

Financial Accounting Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Financial Accounting Concepts - Essay Example The higher the current ratio the greater is the company’s ability to pay its bills. It is also a tool which also helps make rational decisions in keeping with a company’s objectives. This is the reason why the bank insisted that they maintain a current ratio of 1.5. This would also enable the bank to keep a track on the company’s functioning. The accounting principle relevant here is conservatism. Conservative accounting can only cause temporary increase in the company’s earnings. The effect is temporary and the actual may differ and hence not considered a good indicator of subsequent earnings. Conservative accounting would raise questions about not only the balance sheet but also about the income statement. Accounting conservatism only helps to reduce disclosure. According to me it would he unethical to record the revenue of the new sales contract in December. It is always advisable to be honest with the bank because the relation with a bank is a long-term one. If the bank found out on its own it would reflect badly on the company and then the bank would be very cautious in all future transactions also. Manipulation may not be intended by the company but banks would be cautious in all future reporting by the company incase they found out. If the company records this revenue in December the current ration would increase. They could complete the contract in December itself and raise the bill. Once the bill is raised, whether they receive cash for it or it remains as current receivables, the current ratio goes up. In this case there is nothing wrong. But as can be seen it is already the 15th December. Would it be possible to complete the contract within this period? Besides, credit has to be given to the party so cash payments cannot be expected. But in the event that the contract is executed in January and considered in December just for the sake of reporting, it would be a false

Causes of the Rwanda Genocide

Causes of the Rwanda Genocide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXCoHxX1OC8list=PL089D8AFA5E9ADEC1index=20 What all begain as a social economic standing s between two groups in Rwanda ended up being the reason why 800000 people ended up losing their lives†¦ this battle didn’t only start with the Rwandan genocide in 1994, this battle has been here ever since the colonisation of Rwanda. Throughout the 1800s among other categories; Rwanda had two main categories for people that lived there, namely there were the Hutus and the Tutsis, but this had nothing to do with ethnic grouping whatsoever, these different categories were given onto another by the economical state of which they were in, if you had a large amount of cattle you were regarded as a Tutsi and if you had a small amount of cattle you would then be regarded as a Hutu there were interactions among these two categories people and one could easily move from being a Hutu to being a Tutsi vice versa, this was done either by marriage or by the accomplishment of cattle or the lose there of (Roseberg, 2014) so then the term Hutu or Tutsi had no bases of which clan one originated from or whether they were original found in Rwanda or not, and therefore generally speaking being a Tutsi held a higher strata in society (UN, 2014). This was all up until the white man came with his one ideology and human classificatio n this was all before the white men came to Africa the Rwandan people had their own system of running things but the white man came and he had the Bible and they had the land. They then put notion of Christianity into their minds and when the Rwandans got the hang of the white man’s system the white man had the land and Rwandans were left with notions that caused them hatred. (Sugirtharajah, 2006) Among these systems of how Rwanda operated the Rwandans had their own myths and believes of how humanity came to be (Mamdani, 2002, 79); firstly they believed in the sacral nature and the origin of human settlement in Rwanda that claimed monarchy originated from a heavenly king nkuba meaning thunder and that nkuba had two sons namely Kigwa and Tutsi and a daughter Nyampundu, the Rwandans believed that the nkuba alongside his wife Nyagasani lived in the heavens above and that one day these three siblings fell from the heavens and landed on the Rwandan Hill and as Kigwa married his sister their descendants were to be the Abanyinginya clan and as Tutsi their brother married on one of his nieces his descendants were the Abeega clan and these was to be the reason for the intermarriage among these two royal families(Mamdani, 2002, 79) The second myth was to be based on the social differences of the three groups. The myth claimed that the three sons namely Gatwa, Gahutu and Gatutsi went to God and asked for social abilities and the Gatutsi was given anger, Gahutu given disobedience and labour and the Gatwa was given the faculty, gluttony (Mamdani, 2002, 79) The third one claimed the first king of the earth Kigwa tested his three sons’ abilities by giving them milk to keep guide overnight, Gatwa was found to have drank the whole milk, Gahutu to have spilled his milk but the Gatutsi to have kept his milk intacked and that is why the Gatutsi was put in higher possible than the the two other brothers so that he can ensure that their bad traits are kept in check (Mamdani, 2002, 80). And it is in every one of these examples that the Tutsis and the Hutus all came from the same family even though other were put in position of power over the other but this was until the rival colonists arrived in Rwanda with their idea that the Tutsis were to be deemed better than the Hutus because they come from elsewhere (Mamdani, 2002, 80). During the era of the trans-Atlantio slave trade the racialized understanding of Africa was that there were three Africas, southern Africa â€Å"Africa proper† where there was no form of civilization and where slaves were found, north Africa â€Å"European Africa† that had some form of civilization as a result of the influence that Europe had on it and east Africa that was influenced by Asia, but as Africa was explored even further they found that this ideology became even less credible because they found forms of civilization where there had not been an European influence and this was then that they claimed this influence was not completely without European influence because these black people were the descendants of Canaan (Mamdani, 2002, 80), that were given the curse of ham. The curse of ham was given to Canaan’s children after his father ham had seen Noah who was Canaan’s Grandfather drunk and naked in the stupor. This curse was given to Ham that Canaan’s descendants shall be born ugly and black, they will have their hair twisted into kinks and their eyes will have red eyes and they will go naked and their male members shamefully elongated and they shall form subject to slavery (Mamdani, 2002, 81), this myth fitted in so perfectly with Rwanda people they both illustrated difference that arose from brothers so therefore humans(Mamdani, 2002, 80) paradox is that black people were to be regarded as slaves by this biblical curse â€Å"a servant of servants shall he be†(Mamdani, 2002, 81), by this curse the coloniser felt it highly Christian of them so enslave black people even though they were part of humanity (Mamdani, 2002, 81). But this believe of black having to be subjected to bad and all that is not to be liked does not only exist in Christianity, it is in every human being that the is a distinction from bad and good and it is in most case that black is always seen as the bad side, darkness is to be evil and light to be the good of things it is by this Manichean Allegory that colour can be deemed as a form of identifying what is good and what is bad, this allegory does only compare one from the other but it weighs it against another so there is to be degrees of which one can be deemed to be bad and so to be good, it was by this allegory that complex concepts are just to be put into black and white, bad and good, darkness and light. Because of the skin pigmentation difference that was found within the Hutus and the Tutsis the Manichean allegory was quick to take course and the Hutus being darker were to be deemed as the darkness the bad of things and the Tutsis as the more lighter ones as the light, the o nes to be in power and generally the more superior and to be regarded as foreigners in the Rwandan society and put in position of power and called the Hamitic people and the Hutus to be the Negros that are to be slaves to the Tutsis and therefore fall victim under their regime (Mamdani, 2002;82) All of these factors wouldn’t have caused the genocide to be what it was if only it wasn’t instituted into the Rwandan society and this took place when the Belgians arrived in Rwanda and put a minority power over a majority amount of Hutus. Rwanda was generally place full of magical beauty that was tacked away in the heart of Africa, Rwanda was among others an inspiration for the some writing material regard Gorillas (Meredith,2002; 485) it was a place of tourism attraction and as such its economy was just on the rise, between the 1956 and 1989 inflation rates were low, there was a high number of schoo enrolment and health facility were of good standards, their main export being coffee almost every house hold that was in the rural areas was involved in coffee production (Meredith, 2002;486) even though they were these highly positive aspects to Rwanda the politics of the country were still being ran by the Hamitic hypothesis and for this reason the Tutsis were being recognised as the enemy of the country(Meredith, 2002;486) because they were been said not to originate from but this notion was not the reason why they were killed these was just a long standing ethnic ideology that has long been standing but has commonly b een the scapegoat at the dispose of both the Tutsis and the Hutus whenever there is a crisis at hand, like in 1972 when Captain Michel Micombero a Tutsi, had rounded up all Hutus with any form of education and had them killed as a form of reducing the Hutu uprising (Meredith, 2002; 488). It seems as if though whenever the Rwandans are doing badly in the country they claim that there is up rise of the other ethnic group that wants to have their own power enforced onto others. Even though Rwanda was a place of beauty and all, during the time that President Kayibanda was the leader the government was about to collapse because of the great disagreements that were among the government (Meredith,2002;488). Among the other issues the most highlighted was that President Kayibanda favoured the southern Hutu clan more than he favoured the other Hutu clans of Rwanda because he himself was from the south of Rwanda( Meredith, 2002;489). So when the Tutsis that were exiled into neighbouring countries formed insurgent groups called the inyenzi that had a sole intention of restoring the Tutsi monarchy attacked a military camp and were heading for the country’s capital Kayibanda took this act as his opportunity to crush the Tutsi opposition(opposition (Meredith, 2002; 487) and send out his hate speeches of how the Tutsis wanted to run Rwanda once more (Meredith, 2002; 488) When his claims of terrorism by the Tutsis and his hate campaign did not work he got thrown into jail by his fellow Hutu man from the southern of Rwanda and Kayibanda died allegedly from starving (Meredith, 2002;489), he was succeeded by the very same man that put him into jail (Meredith, 2002; 490) and during most of his years of power which was during the 1970s and 1980s the Tutsi factor was not of importance to him (Meredith,2002;490) up until he himself needed a scapegoat to divert to. The killings that took place and the reasons for these kills On the 6th of April 1994 Habyarimana’s plane was shot down (Meredith, 2002; 507) although not known by which clan, the Hutu extremists and the RDF accused each other. Because of Habyarimana had signed the Arusha Accords making the hut hold on Rwanda week and allowing Tutsi participation (Rosenberg,2014), the Hutu extremists were heavily upset and therefore they took into action the plans that have been put into place for years which was the extermination of the Tutsi (Meredith, 2002;507). The victims that were be killed were not only to be Tutsis but also Hutus that were either willing to help Tutsis or that were standing in the way of the Hutu extremists that were willing to kill the Hutus lists of victims were properly prepared for both the opposition and every Tutsi’s name and addresses and they were tracked down and killed in their homes (Meredith, 2002; 503-507). So because of the Hamitic hypothesis the Tutsis had an element that made them distinct and the oppositions was just a mere minority (Girard, 1986; 17). Certain forms of media was also used as a method of not only identifying the people that were to be killed by radio broadcasts (Meredith, 2002; 507) but it was also used to pass on the propaganda of the whole genocide, it also continued the Hutus of the ways of which they are expected to behave as proper Hutus through the ten commandments that clearly stated that a hutu shall not have any form of mercy for a tutsi or any intermarriage between them(Gisenyi, 1990,4) it is paradoxical that they did not command them not to have sexual intercourses with them and that may be the reason why so many woman like Jane were raped and witnessed other being raped and killed (Nowrojee,1996). Through media the ten hutu commandments gained obedience from even pastors for they ignored the bible’s Ten Commandments and churches because the hotspots for these killings(Rwembeho, 2007) Bibliography Jennifer Rosenberg, 2014, Rwanda Genocide, http://history1900s.about.com/od/rwandangenocide/a/Rwanda-Genocide.htm , Date access: 26 May 2014. United Nations, 2014, Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country, http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/education/rwandagenocide.shtml, Date access: 26 May 2014. Sugirtharajah, R. (2006) Voices from the Margin: INTERPRETING THE BIBLE IN THE THIRD WORLD, New York: Orbis Books, p25). Mamdani, M. (2002) When victims become killers: colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda, Chapter Three, p76-87. Meredith, M., (2006) The Graves are not yet full!† in The State of Africa: A History of Fifty of Independence, London: Free Press. Girard, R., (1986) â€Å"Steriotypes of Persecution† in The Scapegoat. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University press. Gisenyi Information, (1990), Kangura Issue 06. Nowrojee, B., (1996) Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath, United States of America. Rwembeho, S., (2007), Rwanda: When Churches Became Killing Fields, http://allafrica.com/stories/200703260402.html, Date accessed: 28 May 2014. Da Silva, S., (2007), Revisiting the ‘Rwandan Genocide’, http://www.globalresearch.ca/revisiting-the-rwandan-genocide/5848, Date accessed: 28 May 2014. 1 | Page

Principle of Convergence and the Theme of Disempowerment Essay

The Principle of Convergence and the Theme of Disempowerment In this paper, I propose to present interpretations of six works by French artists, three painters (Watteau, Delacroix, and Manet) and three novelists (Zola, Proust, and Camus), and to report on the unexpected discovery (if it deserves to be called such) that these disparate works have certain principles of structuring in common. Let us eliminate from the outset a possible source of distraction : these studies are interdisciplinary in character, but that seems to have nothing to do with the discoveries made. One way to throw light on the meaning of a novel or a painting is to view it in the light of a concept drawn from another discipline. Thus the various modes of structuralism borrowed from structural linguistics, either directly (e.g. via certain seminal works of Roman Jakobson, such as his famous essay on metaphor and metonymy) or indirectly (e.g. as mediated by the structural anthropology of Claude LÃ ©vi-Strauss). Such is the nature of interdisciplinary research. It is especially appropriate and valuable when a key element or a central aspect of a text has manifestly not given up its secrets to any of the traditional or conventional modes of analysis. In analyzing these works, I have had recourse to psychology, psychoanalysis, transactional analysis, group behaviour theory, feminism and control theory. However, the discovery I am presenting does not appear to depend in any way on the interdisciplinary character of the perspectives used. Rather, it depends on the plausibility of the interpretation and the central character of the aspects of the work being interpreted. Complexity in L’Embarquement pour Cythere. — The rococo is generally though... ...often without any obvious link between these two features having been noticed previously, is unexpected, both for the art critic and the literary critic. Equally intriguing is the discovery that each of the works we have examined here leads the viewer/reader through a two-part drama of disempowerment and re-empowerment that takes very different forms but in its essence recurs over and over again. As far as I know, this has never even been suspected by any critic or historian. It would be very interesting to know just how many great works of art and literature can be better understood in the light of such concepts or clusters of concepts as those used here. When we have noted that all these works appear to represent variations on one and the same drama, we are left with an intriguing question that remains to be answered : do they all have the same function?

Jacksonian Democracy Dbq Essay

During the 1828 election when Jackson ran for office the second time he succeeded, as he did previously, but this time nothing stood in his way of becoming president. The Jacksonian Democracy that Jackson had brought into the government when he was elected was a true democratic movement that was dedicated to it’s egalitarian views. Although, in this time period the equal rights ideas were still mainly for the white men, disregarding women, African Americans, and the Native Americans. The Jacksonian Democracy was a large force in the individual rights for the working class, as interpreted in Document A; â€Å"The Working Men’s Declaration of Independence†, by George Henry Evans, as he says, â€Å"‘But when a long train of abuses and usurpations’ take place, all invariably tending to the oppression and degradation of one class of society, and to the unnatural and iniquitous exaltation of another by political leaders, ‘it is their right, it is their duty:’ to use every constitutional means to reform the abuses of such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.† In his writing he quotes parts of the declaration to make a point that what the forefathers had said could be used to represent the working class, and to make a point that it was the government’s duty to protect such men from the lack of opportunities that the government failed to give them and the rights that they failed to protect i n the previous year with various government leaders. When Jackson was re-elected in 1832, the renewal of the National bank was vetoed by Jackson, and some think that it’s simply because he had a strong dislike for the men that were for the bank. In his veto message, Document B, Andrew Jackson stated that, â€Å"It appears that more than a fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners,† and Jackson had had a strong dislike for foreigner’s, chiefly the British, since he was a young boy, â€Å"and the residue is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly of the richest class.† It could be interpreted through this that Jackson, along with his dislike for Clay, wanted to keep the American government and economy ruled solely by the Americans, not an outside force like the French and British. Andrew Jackson was a strong believer of Nationalist values, and his values contributed to the way he saw individual rights. Jackson viewed the nation as a whole, and just being American – granted, if you were a white male, not of Irish descent – than you it was your right to have the same liberties as everyone else. You could vote, own land, run for office, and have the same opportunities as someone from the upper class if you were among the poorest in the country. Among the many equal rights opportunities, many reform movements began to take place that brought a new light to the Jacksonian government. Public education became something that every child could receive until they reached the age of a secondary school student, and having every child receive education was a large part of his equal rights value. The two other reforms were for the criminally insane/mentally insane, the Asylum movement, led by Dorothea Dix, and the Woman’s rights movement. Although Jackson didn’t believe in the same rights of man and woman, the movement went along with the equal rights and opportunities of his government. With the three new reforms taking place in the United States, they benefitted from the others. Women were able to secure jobs as nurse and school teachers, but with many rules, the insane were able to escape from the criminal and terrible conditions they were residing in, and children, whether they be male or female, could receive a prop er education. One of the largest movements of the day was the Second Great Awakening – a religious movement. Many people were given more freedom when it came to their religion, some converting, others not. Those who converted to the newly introduced religions were able to express their religious beliefs, while one hundred years prior they could not as openly. Although some religions were seen as improper, they weren’t as harsh to those of other religions as they may have been in the past. As a result of the changes in the American lifestyle, members of the Jacksonian Democracy believed that it was their duty to preserve the nation in the way that they had seen it, and in their eyes they viewed themselves as â€Å"the guardians of the United States, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity†.

Louisiana Purchase

Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase was the enormous land deal in which the United States, during the administration of Thomas Jefferson, purchased territory from France comprising the present day American Midwest The significance of the Louisiana Purchase was enormous. In one stroke the United States doubled its size. The acquisition of land made westward expansion feasible. And the deal with France guaranteed that the Mississippi River would become a major artery for American commerce, which provided a considerable boost to Americas economic development. At the time, the Louisiana Purchase was also controversial. Jefferson, and his representatives, were well aware that the Constitution did not give the president any authority to make such a deal. Yet the opportunity had to be taken. And to some Americans the deal seemed like a treacherous abuse of presidential power. The Congress went along with Jeffersons idea, and the deal was completed. And it turned out to be perhaps the greatest accomplishment of Jeffersons two terms in office. One remarkable aspect of the Louisiana Purchase is that Jefferson had not really been trying to buy that much land. He was only hoping to acquire the city of New Orleans, but the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, offered a much more attractive deal. Background of the Louisiana Purchase At the beginning of Thomas Jeffersons administration there was great concern in the American government about control of the Mississippi River. It appeared obvious that access to the Mississippi, and especially the port city of New Orleans, would be vital to the further development of the American economy. In a time before canals and railroads, good would need to travel down the Mississippi. As France had lost its grip on its colony of Saint Domingue (which became the nation of Haiti after a slave revolt), the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, saw less value in hanging on to Louisiana. The idea of a French empire in the Americas was essentially abandoned. Jefferson was interested in acquiring the port of New Orleans. But Napoleon directed his diplomats to offer the United States the entire Louisiana territory, which essentially included what today is the American Midwest. Jeffersons ultimately accepted the deal, and purchased the land for $15 million. The actual transfer, where the land became American territory, took place at the Cabildo, a building in New Orleans, on December 20, 1803. Impact of the Louisiana Purchase When the deal was finalized in 1803, many Americans, including especially government officials, were relieved because the Louisiana Purchase ended the crisis over control of the Mississippi River. The enormous acquisition of land was viewed as a secondary triumph. The purchase, however, would have a huge effect on Americas future. In total, 15 states, in whole or in part, would be carved out of the land acquired from France in 1803:Â  Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. While the Lousiana Purchase came as a surprising development, it would profoundly change America, and help to usher in the era of Manifest Destiny.

Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essays

Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essays Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essay Organisation Behaviour Ans Sociology of Work Essay The two sections of interest from the OBS module are observations into the concepts of organisational culture and scientific management of work design. I will look at the challenges posed to the theories of these areas and use my interaction with my employer (Tesco) to provide concise first person examples. Organisational culture can be seen as a backbone of a company, however as the tangible aspects of it are barely visible it can be hard to derive theories from practice. Looking at the meaning of organisational culture: The culture of an organisation is made up of traditions, habits, ways of organising and patterns of relationships at work(C Molander Winterton 1994), further explained it is the feeling created with an organisation, the climate and energy within the people of the workplace and its environment. It shows focus on the values and norms of how things are done and approached in organisations, the patterns of order and task completion. The are three levels of culture according to Shein (1992), cultural artifacts, values and basic assumptions, with cultural artefacts being the only tangible, visible one, embedding such things as traditions, logos and the type of people within it. The values aspect depicts the group thought and their expectation of the future, this being a covert aspect as it can only be unearthed through detailed investigation. Basic assumptions being even more covert as it entails looking into the actual psyche of the individual, what they believe of the world, (is there such thing as a universal, timeless human truth or reality or do we live in dynamic worlds that are largely of our own making? ) (Joana Brewis 2007, p. 348). There are two underlining approaches to organisational culture that researchers in this field categorise, one is that culture is something that an organisation has and the other is that culture is something that the organisation is. The has approach explains that culture is derived from a set plan, changed and moulded by the managers to a specific degree of freedom and control to achieve the one best way of functioning, Peters and Waterman (1982). This is a mainstream approach and is used by many large companies that try to create a good environment and effective culture. The is approach explains that culture is organic, organisations culture builds from the individuality of the people and physical forces within it, as a process over time, without conscious plan. The first challenge posed for the two theories is distinguishing them within the organisation. The mainstream approach is the most recognised and researched approach, most large companies would desire to use this approach and develop the culture from scratch so that it functions solely for the organisations needs. However even when it does do its best at achieving this, the natural problems that an organisation can encounter may hinder the cultural equilibrium. My evidence comes from my employment with a huge supermarket chain Tesco, as a year long employee of this company and working on many different departments throughout the lower end of the chain. Tesco carries out the has belief similarly, with employing many ways to counter the need for control of culture. A set list of required behaviour titled as expectations is presented to the employee where they have to agree to the terms set. This is an official outlined code of conduct, that categorises the culture of the organisation and expects the employee to abide and follow. This can be seen as a form of cultural engineering (Jackson and Carter,2000, p. p 27-28), narrowing down the range of decisions an employee can choose to reach the required goal. This is also seen as the corporate culture, the official way of doing things, but as in all organisations, there is also the organisational culture, the way things are actually done, this may differ greatly depending on how much control is put upon the employees by the company. Tesco corporately shows great enthusiasm in employing control to create a stable culture where motivation and organisational performance thrives, however many factors can affect the competency of this. In my experience, the relationship with the manager and other employees has a great impact on the shaping of culture and how much it stays constant. If a good relationship with the manager is created, in terms of the expectations from each other such as working at the times asked and working at the times wanted, then no segregation is present, however if problems arise between managers and employees as whole, then a Them and us approach is seen. This is where the employees see the managers as a ifferent entity working for a different goal that is opposite to the one of the employees. This challenge can be seen as a form of sub-culture developing, where the forced beliefs of the organisation no longer play a leading role in the employees psyche but a separate route of thought is created, potentially damaging the company in forms of lesser productivity as of employee de-motivation. Sub-cultures however can be managed, looked at critically to see how they can be brought together to crea te a coherent, functional entity. Brown, 1998, p. 72). Actual theories deriving from the has approach have been extensive, many researchers believe they have found the right way of doing things to get the best organisational performance. Concrete research has been created on the types organisational cultures that exist within modern companies and how, they in their own right, function. Deal and Kennedy (1988) and Handy (1993) developed a comprehensive description of theyre four key categories that fit to range of organisations. First category is named The power culture depicting a type of organisation where the owner is the central source of power, that delegates to lower managers but giving them freedom to their own decisions, to compete for the completion of a task. This is a tough culture where high labour turnover may be present through low moral. The role culture is a type of an organisation that functions on the basis of standardised policies and job descriptions. Tasks of employees would involve only what is required of them, as they were selected solely for the purpose of the job description. This type of culture creates stability for the employer and employees, with constant supply of workers for the tasks in hand for the employer and the safety at the company for the employee, being valued and nurtured to climb up the career ladder. Third culture is The task culture, where the central point of function is the team, required to work together on a project where the completion of the job is the ultimate goal. The final culture is The cluster/person culture is centred around the individual, with freedom to do what the individual wants, to carry out the tasks that perceived to be most important. This culture is largely cited in consulting agencies. Tesco can be seen as a role culture, the tasks of the general employee would be constrained to the guidelines given, each department with its own standardised way of functioning, ultimately set out by the directors. As the link of communication between the directors and the employees are the managers, it can be easy to not fulfil the required guidelines of the directors through misdirection from the manager. Misguidance or no guidance at all would break up the process, giving much emphasis on the importance of a good manager and relationship with that manager for this type of culture to work. As to what the the one best way of cultural organisation is, I turn to Peters and Waterman (1982), they published the most well known and widely spread empirical text on this issue, values of which are still vigorously used in organisations today. The text sets out the eight tenets for an organisation to follow, having A bias for action, being Close to the customer, having Autonomy and entrepreneurship, Productivity through people, being Hands-on, value driven, Stick to the knitting- produce what is good at, Simple form, lean staff flat structure and flexible staff, Simultaneous loose-tight properties- discretion and centralised values. This sets out a standard for a good culture, when carried out effectively, it can be indefinitely seen that the values work and contribute. However such a concise regime of culture can also be damaging, strong cultures can start overlooking their own values or creating a pedantic approach, attention to detail .. turns into an obsession with minutia, rewarding innovation turns to gratuitous invention (Trice and Beyer, 1993, p380). This breakdown can be seen in many large companies including Tesco; as the largest retailer in Britain with profits over four billion pounds, it can be assumed that the culture at Tesco is strong. Underling values of culture have been tried and tested and would include most of the tenets outlined, however it can be seen across the years in the patterns of employment at Tesco that this tight regime to concise values of culture sometimes integrates negative values. At times when demand is high, such as festive periods, they employ a large number of temporary staff, however sometimes they forget to mention that they are temporary. The staff train up and achieve as much as could be expected of them, better than employees that have been working there for longer, showing that their culture functions effectively in nurturing employees. However when festive periods end, demands lowers and temporary contracts run out. Tesco have the right to get rid of all temporary staff in concession to efficiency policies. In doing so they loose out in their own created good employees, almost indirectly create a small negative part of their one best culture. The contradicting approach, and sometimes the reason that the has approach fails is the is approach. It states that leaders do not create culture, it emerges from the collective social interaction of groups and communities (Meek, 1988, p. 459),- the different types of people combine with their own values and assumptions to create their own innovative, coherent culture. As I have explained in some examples of Tescos functions, this natural process of people evolving their own culture within a has approach culture shows presence of the is culture. However as the company is the culture, this includes all aspects of company functions as a contribution to the overall culture. In comparison to the Has theory, Is theorists look at established cultures and evaluate its continuous innovation and how well it does at learning the truce and coping with demands of employed life. (Mills and Murgatroyd, 1991, p 62). The natural progression of a culture is seen in empirical study by Collinson (1988), the investigation concentrated on the way that employees at a lorry truck factory dealt with the mundane lives of a low skilled, low paid and unvalued worker. It showed how the employees developed a joking and teasing atmosphere in their day to day working environment to evoke a sense of pride, as to not frail their macho persona. Collinson claims that this was not a way of showing a resistance to the oppressive system and it did not allow for a basis of belonging, but only showed how they developed a culture to cope, he backs this up with the fact that the workers voted to accept the redundancy payout, with out counteraction, after the factory announce it was closing down. The challenge posed to this conclusion is comprised of my observation of Tescos employees, specifically the temporaries and part time workers. As these types of workers may not consider them selves to be fully emerged in the organisations culture they latch onto any kind of sense of belonging that may be created. One of them being the type of banter cited in Collinsons investigation, thus proclaiming that if there were part time workers in the truck making factory that they may have valued it more as a sense of belonging. The second section of Organisational Behaviour that I will be looking at is the design of work, specifically the classical, scientific and Fordist approaches to creating the structure for employees to be more effective and efficient in. Structure can be concisely but simply defined as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination of organisation and structure (Minsberg, 1979, p2). The way in which the factors of revenue and profit creation (employees and environment) are put together to achieve the one best way of operating. This is the classical approach to organisational structure that has been most investigated by Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol. These classical theorists tried to find a way of replacing the old uncontrolled structures that worked on the rule of thumb to provide a more methodical and systematic approach to work design. Henri Fayol developed fourteen key principles explaining this, which he derived from his experience in turning around a near bankrupt company. (Fayols Principles of Administration) These principles have been summarised by Huczynski and Buchanan (2001, p. 02) into five basic proclamations, that also exist within Tescos structure as I shall examine. First of the principles being Functional division of work- a team for each of Tescos functions exists to work and concentrate on only their own departments and section of work. The next imperative posed is Hierarchical relationships- a clear chain of command exists at Tesco, with team leaders being the lower supervisors of em ployees through to department, store and regional managers. Bureaucratic forms of control- clearly evident at Tesco with the amount of regulations and policies sent down from the head office to set out the set guidance and rules. Narrow supervisory span- as there are is a large amount of managers on shop floor at once it could be seen there is a large supervisory span, however normally only the manager and the team leader would be in control of that departments employees. Finally Closely prescribed roles the roles in each department are filled by a specific type of employee to fit that role, and is constant throughout. The main concern for Fayols theory is that it has little information on the way that the set out principles can integrate. The hierarchical relationships at Tesco can be loose, when the general employee is looking to communicate vertically up the ladder of command, any department or higher member of another department can be contacted. For example this may happen if a label is missing from the shelf, a shelf stacker can go to either a member of Price Integrity or Stock Control, or any manager and team leader of any department to follow up this query. Under Fayol principle of a narrow supervisory span and hierarchical relationships this may not be possible, the shelf stacker would have to look for his manager or team leader to communicate the problem, loosing time and effectiveness of staff. Classical theorists went further to develop this new approach at looking at the operations of a company more critically and how the structure of it relates to the output and performance. Frederic Taylor developed the scientific approach which demonstrates three principles of increasing productivity and efficiency. Frederick W. Taylor, 1911). First principle mentioned is the separation of design and planning work from actually doing it, this involves creating a structure for each function and operation before actually carrying out the operation. Taylors second principle detailed division of labour, sets out the need to have departments that control their own functions and set of employees. The final principle based on observation of working pra ctices, this means to identify the best form of practice, and derive laws and policies to manage this. Taylor also emphasised on monitoring the results of such operations, so that precise management analysis can be made and structure improved where needed. Taylor greatly focused on the need to improve Americas industry efficiency as he thought that insufficiency was present through out the country, in forms of uncontrolled labour and its ultimate output, and to tackle this companies would have to provide Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that workers discrete task (Montgomery, 1989 ). At Tesco, this principle is used, along with many others of Taylors theories, however integration of these principles poses a challenge to the theory. If only a certain route of tasks is trained to that set of employees, then if the employees decide to change roles within the company or try to complete work outside their capabilities, then problems may occur. I gave the example of a missing label on a Tesco shelf, with Tayolors approach of a singular role, the shelf stacker would indeed have to go to a different department or manager to solve his problem. However Ive noticed that Tesco try to provide each employee with as much information about other departments and tasks so that they can solve any problems for them selves. Tesco also allows cross department shifts, so if a department is running low on staff at a certain period, the employees from other departments can quickly fill the gap. This is a innovation to Taylors scientific approach, allowing the organisation to be more flexible when needed. Taylors scientific management can be seen demonstrated in practice and on a large mass production scale by Henry Ford, who used a scientific method of designing production structures, specifically his production line. Incorporating high division of labour rigidly controlled by hierarchical command and detailed guidance. Also simplifying the employees tasks so that they function quicker with out room for thought. Challenge is posed by theorists Harry Braverman The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. Tesco can provide a wide rage of examples of deskilling, for example till workers can be replaced by self service tills, only partially in most stores, but recently fully, as a convenience Tesco store has been opened in England with out any till operators at all. (Daily Mail 22 October 2009) (1974) arguing that through fragmentation rationalisation mechanisation had created a way of making employees more disposable, and easily replaceable. Organisations underlying need to improve on efficiency as the best way of profit maximisation, leads to creating cheaper ways of carrying operations and tasks, ultimately leading to deskilling and separation of mental and manual labour. Reference Books: Knights, D and Willmott. H, (1949, first published in 1916) Introducing Organizational Behaviour Management, London. Molander, C. Winterton, J. (1993/4), Managing Human Resources, Routledge , London. Frederick, W. Taylor, (1911), The Principles of Scientific Management ,New York. H, Braverman (1974), Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco. Peters, Thomas J. Waterman, Robert H. , (1982), In search of excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies, New York. Jackson, N, P, Carter, (2000), Rethinking Organisational Behaviour, Essex. Brown, A, (1998) Organizational Culture,Trans-Atlantic Pubns. Deal, T Kennedy, A (1988), Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life, Lodon. Harrison, M Beyer, M, (1993), The cultures of work organizations, Eglewood Cliffs. Meek, L (1988), Organizational Culture: Origins and Weaknesses, Austra lia. Mintzberg, H, (1979) The structuring of organizations: A synthesis of the research, Englewood Cliffs. Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (2001), Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text (Instructor’s Manual),Prentice Hall. F, W. Taylor, The principles of scientific management, (1998) Norcross. Web: The principles of Scietific managent, (last modified, 2009) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Principles_of_Scientific_Management Tesco opes first fully self-service store, (2009) thisismoney. co. uk/news/article. html? in_article_id=492247in_page_id=2

Decision-making traps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision-making traps - Essay Example In the process however, I had observed that my effort of persuasion to direct the group in arriving at this decision, which was mostly a gratification of personal favor, was futile in the sense that majority of the members weren’t cooperating to their fullest capacities. Knowing each of them personally, I was certain about the reach of their potentials especially when they had appetite for work so it turned out that the succeeding objective of my leadership, which was to stimulate members to perform in a fashion that we could exceed average expectations in and out of the group, gradually became impaired. Primarily, I intended for us to practice executing around a task interdependently but since there were weak signs of self-motivation due to the nature of the project, I felt a growing sense of reluctance myself to push for the desired goal. Such excruciating instance of feeling ineffective in the midst of a crucial situation where I could not afford to deflect instructorâ€⠄¢s good impression at the expense of team quality brought me to the realization that I could have fulfilled each objective had I adhered to the application of utilitarian principle.

Systematic Desensitization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Systematic Desensitization - Essay Example They then use relaxation strategies to compete with anxiety. Once it becomes successful that they can manage their anxiety by imagining fearful events, the technique can then be used in real life situation. The process of this technique normally has one major goal which is to become gradually desensitized to the triggers causing them distress (Alex & Adam, 2013). Patients need to be taken through a practice of some relaxation techniques before they can begin gradually exposing themselves to their feared situations. Some of such relaxation techniques that the patients need to familiarize themselves with before relaxation training include; deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and visualization. As a nurse, before beginning systematic desensitization to a patient, you need to have mastered the relaxation training as well as developed a hierarchy (beginning from least feared to most feared) list of the patients’ feared situations. A nurse is responsible for helping patients realize their state of relaxation or identifying their anxiety hierarchy. This technique begins with imaginary exposure to situations of fear. The feared situations need to be broken down into manageable components using the patient’s anxiety hierarchy (Corey, 2009). For instance, if a patient fears getting into large stores, he or she may have their least anxiety while walking into the store and this may intensify as he or she walks far from the exit doors. The highest fear response for the patient may be when he or she stands in the checkout line. In this situation, as a nurse, I would take the patient through this by starting the process from the action that causes the least distress and let them work their way up. This therapy is to result in a situation whereby the patient would gradually, or systematically, become desensitized to shopping in large stores. The patient would definitely learn to do it at last without any fear and ultimately be able to