Free College Essays - Analysis of William Shakespeares Sonnet 19

William Shakespeare is considered to be one of the around signifi firet English poets and dramatists of all time. Shakespeare is credited with writing 36-38 dramatic works and many sonnets. In most of the sonnets the form is of three separate quatrains and a closing couplet for emotional and dramatic climax. Some sonnets seem open and intercommunicate to the world. Others are too abstruse and personal to be intelligible. Sonnets 18-125 deal gradually with many themes associate with a handsome young man. The poet enjoys his friendship and promises to immortalize him through his poems. Sonnet 19 is addressed to time and is dedicated to a very special friend. In the first quatrain of the sonnet, the author talks about the devastating effects of time it affects everything and nothing can escape its impact. The poet directly addresses time and vividly describes its effect on the sharp claws of the lion. Time wears away their strength, spoiling and eroding them. Shakespeare then writes that time forces the earth to ...devoure her owne fweet traverse (2). Everything that is born of the earth return...

The Outsider By Albert Camus V :: essays research papers

The Priest(Kafka vs Camus)The Outsider, written by Albert Camus, and The Trial, written by Franz Kafka, atomic number 18 two books that have been critically acclaimed since the time that they were published. There are critics that claim that The Outsider is a dull book, and is not even a read-worthy book. Other people claim that it shows us how society actually acts upon people who do not want to be manage the rest of society. The Trial falls under the same kind of criticism but both books, although written by different writers in a different poque, fall under the same kind of genre Imprisoned Lives. In both The Outsider and The Trial on that point are many people who influence the protagonists in a positive and in a negative way, but none of those characters are as chief(prenominal) as the priest. The priest, being of the same profession in both books and trying to accomplish the same kind of tasks, have a totally different lay out on the two protagonists. In The Outsider the priest changes the whole attitude that Meursault has to animation, whereas in The Trial the priest tells Joseph K. how his life actually is."Why do you forswear to see me?" This question was asked by the priest and was meant for Meursault. Normally, if a person is convicted to death, he will see a priest before the sentence is executed. Meursault did not do that. He profusely refused to see the priest and why should he? He "did not believe in god." Meursault did not treat, as he did not care if his mother died, or if someone proposed marriage to him. This of course went totally against the rules and ethics of society, which cannot permit such kind of behaviour. But why does Cams characterize Meursault like that? Why did he create such kind of an outsider to society? Cams created such an outsider because he wanted to show people how life actually is. Society does not accept people who do not bend the truth a little and lie. Society wants to make life as easy as ca n be, making up lies so that everything can run smoothly because truth can hurt sometimes, and Cams admits that. Cams implements the priest not just as another character in the novel, but as a person who wants to tell Meursault how society expects him to behave. Meursault did not want to know how he has to act to make the society happy, as a matter of fact, the priest was "beginning to annoy" him.

Privacy Concerns Essay -- Technology, DNA Databases

Privacy ConcernsMost studies have shown that popular opinion holds that without a doubt national DNA databases have proved useful in whitlow investigations (Wallace, 2006, pS27). The concept of a national DNA database has raised concern about privacy and human rights as seen through the scope of public safety. All of these concerns be elevated with databases include convicted, arrestee, innocent, and rehabilitated offenders (Suter, 2010, p339). Robin Williams of University of Duham (2006) asserts that The rapid implementation and continuing expansion of forensic DNA databases around the world has been supported by claims about their lastingness in criminal investigations and challenged by assertions of the resulting intrusiveness into individual privacy (p545).To determine the balance between privacy and public safety legislation must voice communication many questions including (but not limited to) when is a sample required to be obtained and by whom, is consent required, is forc e ever acceptable to obtain a sample, and which samples should be retained? Dr Katina Michael has reported that some instances that constitute acceptable DNA sample collection and storage (Table 4). The United States, England and Wales contain legislation that authorizes the collection of DNA from individuals arrested for violations of trustworthy federal criminal laws and inclusion into the national DNA database of all profiles. Primary concerns focus these legal authorizations address privacy of a person and legal calculate and seizures of biological samples. For many countries like the United States there is a need to enact special legislation which led to delays in the implementation of DNA databases (Goodwin, et al., 2007, p102). In the United Sta... ...data from law enforcement databases for those who receive acquittals or whose convictions are overturned there is no reference to physical DNA samples (Lwin, 2010, p21). Historically, legislative proposals purpose indefinite memory of evidentiary DNA samples, however the US, unlike England and Wales, does not refer to retention periods for genetic information post sentence completion. Individuals may find concern for individualized genetic identifiers if the physical sample is retained post sentence completion, acquittal or if found innocent (Congressional Research Service, 2010, pp13-14 Beiber, 2002, p14). Studies assert the method of sample collection, accreditation of agencies solicitation samples, legislative limits on retention periods for biometric information and a focus on balancing privacy and crime deterrence will structure a productive DNA database model.

Macbeth Is Not A Villain... :: essays research papers

MACBETH ESSAYThe proposition that &8220Macbeth is a baddie in whom there is little to admire is an inadequate judgement of Macbeth&8217s character. Macbeth is non consciously and naturally malevolent, and there are many aspects of his character and his downfall which serve to support this. Macbeth was not exclusively a victim of his own actions, plainly also of the humanity condition and the extremely powerful forces of both his wife and fate. Throughout the play the audience undoubtedly experiences feelings of horror at Macbeth, but we are also driven, through an understanding of his character, to admiration and sympathy. This would not be the case if Macbeth was a totally vile and reprehensible villain, and thus the tragedy of Shakespeare&8217s Macbeth is clear.Macbeth was for sure no villain to begin with. He is introduced to us as a man of great honour, nobility and strength of morals. He is held in high bear upon by King Dun stinker, who addresses him as &8220valiant cou sin, worthy gentleman- so highly, in fact, that Macbeth is granted a promotion over Banquo (who seems to be of an extremely worthy and incorruptible character). But there is a fatal difference between Macbeth and Banquo- Macbeth&8217s ambition and lust for power. He is a man with an unsurpassable desire to advertise himself. He himself identifies this quality while he contemplates an action that he is wholly repulsed by &8220I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting Ambition which o&8217erleaps itself, And falls on th&8217 other. This &8220Vaulting Ambition is what makes Macbeth vulnerable and leads him to commit possibly the most vile deed he can imagine, setting him on a path of destruction. There is a temptation to use the fact that he could comprehend the vileness of his deed as a reason as to why we should condemn Macbeth as even worse a villain. But this is a simple view that does not take into identify Macbeth&8217s later torment or give credit to S hakespeare&8217s intention to create a true &8211 to-form tragedy. Macbeth is not a ruthless, callous villain devoid of all pity and humanity, and there are several issues in the play that serve to illustrate this.Firstly, Macbeth had an extremely active conscience and recognition of human moral values. His conscience put up a great deal of resistance to the prospect of murder, and after the act it continued to torment him until his death.

Gatlinburg, Tennessee Essay examples -- Observation Essays, Descriptive

Nestled in the Smoky Mountains, Gatlinburg has become an area that East Tennessee State University students go to visit. Gatlinburg offers something for galore(postnominal) however, the city has some increment pains such as traffic and limited space. Thus, the city of Gatlinburg offers more things that a traveler could need and want, provided that he or she is willing to overlook the citys rapid growth.Entertainment in the area is targeted at a wide variety of age groups and interests that include some of East Tennessee State University students. Gatlinburg has many attractions such as Camp Thunder Fun Center, Fun Mountain, and Ober Gatlinburg. Camp Thunder, located on the main parkway, offers indoor go-karts, miniature golf, and a motion simulator. alone these attractions cost $6.45 (http//www.smokymountainfun.com/camp.htm). Fun Mountain also has go-karts, but in addition it offers bumper cars, a chair lift, and places to eat. Fun Mountain is a good location for families with c hildren, and it is hands down located at the main intersection in Gatlinburg (http//www.reaganresorts.com/funmnt.htm). Ober Gatlinburg, one of Gatlinburgs well-known attractions, offers skiing, ice-skating, an arcade, a Velcro wall, and bungee jumping (http//www.obergatlinburg.com). Ober Gatlinburg is placed on raising of a mountain, but there is a tram that you can take from downtown near the end of the city. The city also offers some live entertainment. The authorised Country Theater has a tribute to Elvis and a music show that concentrates on the 50s through the 80s (http//www.classiccountrytheater.com). lovely Fanny Adams Theater offers live comedy shows. It is located on the main strip of Gatlinburg and has two new shows each year. I would highly suggest Sweet... ... has give and call foral services. Absolutely Sensational Catering offers small and large catering services in the range of $249 to $369 (http//www.ascater.com). Unforgettable Rentals has a large selection of items to rent for a wedding and they are in a convenient location (http//www.elegant-rentals.com). Smoky Mountain Occasion brings the wedding to you. They offer services for $249 to $549 and have many options such as a unity candle, cake cutter, plume pen, limo service, and a guest book (http//www.smokymountainoccasions.com).Gatlinburg, a town in the Smoky Mountains, is moneyed with things to do. The city offers a variety of restaurants, lodging, entertainment, and marriage facilities. Gatlinburg is a nice city to visit although it can cost quite a bit of money. This has become a common place of visit for East Tennessee State University students and others.

Gatlinburg, Tennessee Essay examples -- Observation Essays, Descriptive

Nestled in the smoking Mountains, Gatlinburg has fashion an area that East Tennessee domain University students go to visit. Gatlinburg offers nearthing for many however, the city has some growing pains such as traffic and limited space. Thus, the city of Gatlinburg offers many things that a traveler could need and want, provided that he or she is willing to look across the citys rapid growth.Entertainment in the area is targeted at a wide variety of age groups and interests that include some of East Tennessee State University students. Gatlinburg has many attractions such as Camp Thunder Fun Center, Fun Mountain, and Ober Gatlinburg. Camp Thunder, located on the main parkway, offers indoor go-karts, miniature golf, and a act simulator. All these attractions cost $6.45 (http//www.smokymountainfun.com/camp.htm). Fun Mountain also has go-karts, but in addition it offers bumper cars, a chair lift, and places to eat. Fun Mountain is a good fix for families with children, and it is conveniently located at the main intersection in Gatlinburg (http//www.reaganresorts.com/funmnt.htm). Ober Gatlinburg, one of Gatlinburgs well-known attractions, offers skiing, ice-skating, an arcade, a Velcro wall, and bungee jumping (http//www.obergatlinburg.com). Ober Gatlinburg is placed on top of a mountain, but there is a tram that you can take from downtown near the end of the city. The city also offers some digest entertainment. The Classic Country Theater has a tribute to Elvis and a music show that concentrates on the 50s through the 80s (http//www.classiccountrytheater.com). Sweet Fanny Adams Theater offers live comedy shows. It is located on the main strip of Gatlinburg and has two new shows each year. I would highly mention Sweet... ... has catering and rental services. Absolutely Sensational Catering offers small and large catering services in the range of $249 to $369 (http//www.ascater.com). Unforgettable Rentals has a large excerpt of items to rent for a weddin g and they are in a convenient location (http//www.elegant-rentals.com). Smoky Mountain Occasion brings the wedding to you. They offer services for $249 to $549 and accommodate many options such as a unity candle, cake cutter, plume pen, limo service, and a guest book (http//www.smokymountainoccasions.com).Gatlinburg, a town in the Smoky Mountains, is rich with things to do. The city offers a variety of restaurants, lodging, entertainment, and marriage facilities. Gatlinburg is a nice city to visit although it can cost quite a bit of money. This has become a common place of visit for East Tennessee State University students and others.

O Level

w w ap eP m e tr .X w UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS s er om .c GCE Ordinary Level localise SCHEME for the October/November cc8 question paper 5054 PHYSICS 5054/02 composing 2 (Theory), maximum raw specialise 75 This mark scheme is published as an help oneself to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that preference correct answers and nexpected approaches in candidates scripts must be stipulation marks that f occupati hardly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2008 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 Mark lineation GCE O LEVEL October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054Paper 2 Do not accept fractions. No penalty for 2 s. f. unless stated or for 1 s. f. where exactly correct. however one unit and only one fraction penalty per question. Section A 1 (a) 0. 5(0) m B1 C1 A1 (a) mgh or F ? d or 10 ? 700 ()7000 J C1 A1 (b) Q/E/H = mc? T or (? T =) 7000/(1) ? 4200 1. 7 or 1. 67 or 5. 5 8. 9 C e. c. f. (a) 4 B1 (b) rotates/tilts/unbalanced/one side down/one side up rotates anticlockwise/down on left or head down or foot up (net) anticlockwise irregular or moment on left moment on right or weight/CM on left of pivot 3 B1 B1 B1 B1 (b) 10(. 0) N or e. c. f. (a) diagram of two forces and resultant W / 6(N) and T / 8(N) marked on perp. forces or scale given 10(. 0 0. 2) N 3539 from T/Y/horizontal or 5155 from W/vertical and correct resulta nt C1 C1 A1 (a) (i) (a = ? )v/t or 84/35 2. 4 m/s? C1 A1 (ii) speed and time axes correct and labelled straight line of positive gradient by origin 84 (m/s) and 35 (s) marked (b) (i) two pointers with forward force backward force (ii) air/wind resistance or friction or drag UCLES 2008 B1 5 4 5 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 7 Page 3 5 Mark contrivance GCE O LEVEL October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 a) Any two pairs may be expressed in terms of the gas liquid M1 molecules dense(r) close(r)/touching incompressible/volume fixed close(r) or strong(er) forces fills bottom container forces strong(er) expands less when heated forces strong(er) more viscous/flows slower forces strong(er) work fast(er) close(r) or strong(er) forces better conductors of heat close(r) slower diffusion close(r) Paper 2 A1 (b) molecules gain speed/energy/heat and escape/leave cloth/ fly the coop bonds or latent heat needed fast(er)/high(er) (kinetic) energy molecules escape/evaporate (average) speed / (kinetic) energy ( of remainder) decreases r temperature related to (average) energy/speed of molecules 6 M2 A2 B1 B1 B1 (a) rubor B1 (b) (i) equal to B1 (ii) less than B1 (c) two correct refractions on Fig. 6. 2 no dispersion and ray ends close to P (a) 12(. 0) V B1 B1 B1 B1 (c) (E=) QV or VIt or 200 ? 12 2400 J accept 23702410 J e. c. f. 8 M1 A1 (b) top row 4. 6 and 0 bottom row square 1 = square 2 + square 3 or 9. 2 bottom row 4. 6 in squares 2 and 3 cao 7 7 C1 A1 (a) fusion B1 (b) (i) mass decreases or harvesting/nuclei/atoms less massive mass becomes/converted to energy B1 B1 (ii) E = mc2 6. 6 ? 1029 ? (3. 0 ? 108)2 5. 9 ? 012 or 5. 94 ? 1012 J B1 C1 A1 UCLES 2008 5 6 6 Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 Paper 2 Section B 9 (a) (i) Any three lines vibration of cone/loudspeaker vibration of air/ sections (molecules) particles/molecules pass on vibrations/energy (to neighbours) compressions and rarefactions or longitudinal wave/movement of particle (max 3) B1 B1 B1 B1 (ii) loud large amplitude/max displacement low-pitched frequency/no. of waves per sec low frequency, small frequency, etc. (long wavelength 1/2) B1 M1 A1 (iii) (t =) d/s or 0. 57/330 0. 0017 s C1 A1 iv) speed of sound greater in body of water/liquid or v. v. less time taken in water/liquid or heard sooner/faster B1 B1 10 (b) (i) v = f? or 200 seen (? =) v/f or 330/200 or 330/0. 2 or 1650 (m) 1. 6/1. 65/1. 7 m (ii) attempt at compressions and rarefactions/longitudinal wave correct wavelength marked C1 C1 A1 M1 A1 5 Total 15 UCLES 2008 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 10 (a) (i) at least 2 concentric, complete circles increasing gap at least 1 anticlockwise arrow and none incorrect (ii) stronger or more lines or lines closer together or extends further (b) (i) (R =) V/I or 6. /8. 0 0. 75 ? Paper 2 B1 B1 B1 B1 4 C1 A1 (ii) (Q =) It or 8. 0 ? 120 or 8. 0 ? 2 960 C (16 C scores 1/2) C1 A1 (c) (i) LR or NS 4 B1 (ii) force (on telegram) or wire bends/moves into page/perpendicular to field/a centering (from us)/LH rule quoted M1 A1 (iii) force reverses or out of page or bends the other way e. c. f. B1 4 (iv) accept first two marks on unlabelled diagram (wire becomes) coil / armature /solenoid force/movement opposite on sides of coil or moment current reverses during rotation/due to commutator or split ring B1 B1 B1 3 Total 15 UCLES 2008 Page 6 Mark SchemeGCE O LEVEL October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 11 (a) (P =) VI or 6. 0 ? 1. 6 9. 6 W Paper 2 C1 A1 (b) (i) filament/J releases electrons or thermionic emission attracted by +ve terminal/metal scurf/K electrons move/accelerate 2 B1 B1 B1 (ii) otherwise electrons hit (air) molecules/particles/lose energy or electrons deflected/dont hit back/cause ionisation of air B1 (iii) electrons/charges/beam/ray deflected (by magnetic field) few(er) electrons reach plate/K/+ve terminal/pass round circuit B1 B1 (iv) current = 0 or no meter reading electrons repelled by or not attract ed to K or K does not emit electrons B1 c) (i) (dot/speck of light) moves so fast (that the eye sees it as a superstar line) or timebase pulls it horizontally or voltage is constant/zero B1 8 B1 (ii) (line/trace) displaced vertically at uniform rate/speed or slowly moves 3. 0 divisions/3cm M1 A1 B1 (iii) screen not high enough or trace moves beyond edge of screen or line moves 6cm / more than 4cm (vertically) or line can only move 4cm or screen is only 4cm from middle to top B1 5 Total 15 B1 Independent mark C1 Compensation mark given also if the answer is correct M1 manner mark if not given, subsequent A marks are not awarded A1 Answer mark. UCLES 2008

Organizational Performance Management System Essay

In the pursuit of developing most appropriate organizational military operation focussing system, many organizational surgical operation management systems have emerged, making it difficult to choose the best organizational performance management system. The paper reviews the promulgated literature on organizational performance management, and discusses the shift from traditional to new performance management system framework. Also, Balance Scorecard, which is one of the most commonly use approaches in measuring rod organizational performance, is discussed.Finally, five most important factors in designing organizational performance management are addressed. Introduction In increasingly competitive market, it is imperative that organizations design and implement an effective organizational performance management system to gauge their competitive advantage in the market. An Organization cognitive operation counsel System includes multiple activities that help in establishing the goals of the organization, and monitor the progress towards the target. It is used to make adjustments to accomplish goals much efficiently and effectively.Organizational Performance Management System can be best understood through considering the definitions of the words performance and measurement according to the Baldrige Criteria (NIST, 2001) Performance refers to output results from processes, products and services that permit military rank and comparison relative to goals, standards, past results, and other organizations. Performance might be expressed in non-financial and financial terms. Measurement refers to numerical information that quantifies input, output, and performance dimensions of processes, products, services, and the overall organization (outcomes).Performance measures might be simple (derived from one measurement) or composite. Underlying performance management at twain the organizational and employee levels is a mold of performance measures. Performance m easures with respect to organizational performance are an instrument to measure progress against stated program and organizational objectives. With respect to individual performances it is to assess progress against stated performances objectives, or results to be achieved for individual employees or teams of employees (Good & Carin, 2004).The objective of such system would be to increase the efficiency, effectiveness and performance at both organizational and employee level. The challenge for organizations today is how to match and align both organizational and individual performance measures with business strategy, structures and corporate culture, the type and number of measures to use and how to deploy the measures so that the results are used and acted upon. To address these challenges, organizations have been continually searching for an effective organizational performance management framework.Measuring organizational performance management has variety of uses. As per Vince Kellen (2003) those uses include monitoring and controlling activities, driving organizational improvement, maximizing the effectiveness of the improvement effort, achieving alignment with organizational goal and objectives, rewarding and disciplining. The ever-changing Role of Organizational Performance Measurement System How to create and measure organizational performance measurement system has been a persistent source of debate.Traditionally, organizational performance management system included measuring financial ratios, such as return on investments, cash flows, and cost of sales. Figure one on a lower floor depicts traditional performance indicators, focused mostly on financial measures. Figure integrity Source Frederico and Cavenaghi 2009 In the recent years the focus has been on measuring non-financial ratios, such as quality, customer satisfaction, safety and other stakeholders. Figure 2 shows the new performance indicators, incorporating quality together with other fin ancial indicators. Figure Two Source Source Frederico and Cavenaghi 2009Furthermore, according to Shackleton (2007) financial measures prohibit the guidance and evaluation of an organizations ability to create future value through investments in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology and innovation. Shacketon agues that the pressure for reporting on corporate performance today, has confronted the traditional managerial mindset of historical models for performance measurement, and has required them to be more innovative. put over one below illustrates the shift in the mindset and provides a comparison between traditional and more recent performance measurement systems.Table One TraditionalInnovative Based on cost/ efficiencyValue-based Performance orientedPerformance compatibility oriented Profit orientedCustomer-oriented Short-term orientedLong-term oriented Prevalence of individual measuresPrevalence of team measures Prevalence of functional measuresPrevalence of t ransversal measures equality with standardImproving monitoring Aim at evaluatingAim at evaluating and involving Source Shackleton, 2007 From the table it can be concluded that organizational performance management systems are moving towards relationship-oriented reasonableness of the whole organization progress.It is clear that financial indicators are not ignored, but treated as one piece of the puzzle in a more complex set of criterias in measuring organizational performance. Organizational Performance Measurement Approaches Balance Scorecard Several approaches for measuring and managing organizational performance management system have evolved over time, including Balance Scorecard, Benchmarking, Business Process Reengineering, Continuous Improvement, ISO9000, Total Quality Management, Stakeholder Approach, and Performance Prism Approach amongst others.There is no single framework or model that will ensure success in implementing an organizational performance management system. Exploring all the approaches is beyond the scope of this review, accordingly Balance Scorecard is review at length since it most commonly used for measuring organizational performance. Balance Scorecard was developed by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton in 1992. It was developed to remedy the weak and vague performance management strategies developed earlier that mostly concentrated on financial indicators.

The Roman Catholic Funeral Rite vs. the Jewish Funeral Rite

The papist Catholic Funeral Rite vs. the Jewish Funeral Rite Funeral services in the 1990s be more(prenominal) complex that they have ever been before. The modern funeral director must not only be aw atomic number 18 of and comply with their own state and local rules and regulations, still also with the Federal Trade Commissions Funeral Rule and a variety of Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) rules. Add to this the fact that the alleged(prenominal) traditional funeral has become less and less traditional. period the religious aspects still play a major role in the majority of the funerals held in the join States, changes in the attitude of the clergy and the families, changes in funeral home structuring and pricing, and changes in the funeral home facilities and services that they r stoper have caused a great change in the funeral itself. in that location ar several religions that dress funeral rites, however, in this paper I place attempt to compare/contrast the Rom an Catholic Funeral Rite vs. the Jewish Funeral Rite. Introduction to the Roman Catholic ChurchOf all the rescuerian religions in the world, the Roman Catholic Church is the largest, claiming approximately superstar billion members worldwide. In the United States there are ab tabu 55 million members. Roman Catholics believe that since Jesus Christ brought salvation into the world, He was the founder of their Church. They also believe that the Church has preserved the teachings of Christ and that the Holy Spirit guides the Church through its ministry. In regard to funeral rites, the Roman Catholic Church believes that all Catholics should be buried from the Church with a Mass.There is no actual charge for being buried from the Church. The funeral director should be able to guide the family as to the lend oneselfs if an honorarium is customarily given to the celebrant. Clergy Notification The practice of notifying the departeds clergyman when a death occurs was at one time a commo n as well as sensible practice. However, today, this practice can in no way be considered the usual. Factors such as time of death, place where death occurred, and the relationship amid the family and the clergy, each play a role in the familys decision as to the appropriate time to notify the clergy of the death.Many families would be hesitant to call the clergy in the middle of the night and may determine that more can be accomplished by waiting until morning. This may be especially true in cases where the death was anticipate or where the Sacrament of the Sick had been administered. Since many priests want to participate in the decision making process for the go steady, time, and location of the funeral service, the funeral directors may want to determine whether or not the family had contacted the priest, who is to celebrate the Funeral Mass, prior to entering into discussions concerning the scheduling of the Mass.Removal of the Remains There are generally no church restrict ions that would prohibit the remotion of the dust at the time of death. In cases where the decedent was a clergy or a member of a religious order, there may be delays in the removal should there be a desire for special prayers by members of the order before removal. Preparing the Remains There are no specific restrictions as to the readiness of the remains of the body. Religious articles worn by the deceased should be remove, recorded, and replaced after the preparation of the body.The family should be asked if the religious articles should remain on the body or re move and returned to them. If the deceased is a clergyman or a member of a religious order, there may be restrictions as to how the remains are prepared. any(prenominal) groups may request that the embalming be done in the convent, monastery, or rectory rather than in the funeral home. In this case, the funeral home should check with the individual within the church, monastery, or convent to obtain proper instruction s and authorization to prepare the remains. Dressing and Casketing the RemainsThe deceased should be dressed in clothing selected by the family. Members of the clergy bequeath be dressed in the robes of the station of their priesthood, while members of religious orders should be dressed in the robes of their affiliated position. Religious objects may be placed in the hands of the deceased by family or church officials. Rosary beads are most commonly used, and normally placed in the hands. A crucifix, sacred heart, or other religiously significant objects may be placed in the head or foot panel, on or near the casket. The WakeA Rosary Service or Wake will usually be held in the funeral or family home, or church the evening before the funeral Mass. This is to provide friends and family of the deceased an opportunity to share a series of prayers with the family. It is meant to offer a time of reflection on the meaning of life, death, and eternal life. The service may be conduct by a priest, layperson, family member, or the funeral director. This is usually scheduled by the family and approved by the church during the funeral arrangements. The Funeral Mass and RecessionalThe funeral Mass actually begins when the casket is moved into the vestibule of the church. The casket bearers and family members accompany the casket to await the celebrant and the modify attendants. The procession to meet the body is led by the crucifer and two alter attendants, one who carries the Holy Water and one who carries the incense. The celebrant is last in the procession. Following the greeting and invocation, the celebrant conducts the raiseing of the casket with Holy Water. Casket pieces are removed at this time (if applicable) and set aside, and the casket is covered with a pall. In the case that an American flag is covering the casket, prior arrangements would be do as to remove the flag and use a pall. If removed, it will be properly folded and set aside. ) The procession do wn the aisle is led by the crucifer, followed by the alter attendants and the priest. The family will follow the casket down the aisle. When the procession reaches the foot of the altar, the celebrant will proceed up the steps while the funeral director seat the family and casket bearers. The casket should be placed at right angles to the altar. Laypersons and nuns re placed with their feet toward the altar, while priests are placed with their heads towards the altar. After the funeral directors exit the church, the celebrant will conduct several Bible readings, consisting of the Psalms and the Gospel. Family eulogies are then read and Communion is offered to all. After this, the celebrant will say the final commendation and bless the casket again with incense and Holy Water. After this, the funeral directors will return to the church for the recessional. In the recessional, the celebrant moves toward the cross bearer and the funeral directors return to each end of the casket.With room permitting, the casket is turned making the sign of a cross and it once again placed in the center of the aisle. The recessional makes it way out o the church the same order it entered. Variations of the funeral mass are common, but it the responsibility of the funeral director to maintain constant contact with the clergy. Introduction to Judaism Judaism, thought to date back to the 16th century B. C. , was the first monotheistic religion. Founded by Abraham, Judaism was the foundation for Christianity and Islam. It is based in the doctrine of one God, ancient scriptures (Old Testament) and Talmud (oral teachings of the Torah).There are trinity religious Jewish groupings in the United States the Orthodox, who continue the ancient traditions and beliefs the Reform, who allow greater flexibility and have adapted to modern practices and the Conservative, who fit in between the Orthodox and Reform. The Conservative still follow ancient traditions, but have accepted gradual changes as a natural growth of the religion. (For the sake of this paper, I will be using mostly the Conservative and Reform position to compare to the Roman Catholic. ) Notification of Death/ClergyIt is of up most importance that upon receiving the sign call of the death, that the funeral home request verbal permission to remove the body from the place of death. Upon meeting with the family, written permission of often received. It is also necessary to propound the family that embalming is not required by law, but is want due to natural biological changes that occur after death. There are often times, whether it be for personalized or religious reasons, that the neither the family nor the Rabbi want the body embalmed. It is usually not necessary to contact the Rabbi at the time of death unless the family so chooses to do so.The Rabbi is usually contacted after the funeral arrangements are completed and advised of the time and place of service. Dressing and Casketing The deceased may b e dressed in any clothing desired by the family and Rabbi. The family will sometimes request that a shroud be used under the regular clothing or in place of the deceaseds clothing. The casket is the choice of the family and there are no restrictions as to the material it is made from or the type. Most will choose the traditional Jewish-Orthodox wooden casket, but metals or other materials normally used to make caskets are permitted also. The FuneralNo funeral services, whether it is Orthodox, Reform, or Conservative, are to be held on the Jewish Shabbat, which is from sunset on Friday until sundown on Saturday. The funerals may be held in the funeral home, the residence of the deceased, the temple, or the grave berth. The Rabbi, often accompanied by a Cantor, will lead and direct the service. The Cantor will often chant and sing the readings. If the funeral is held somewhere other than the temple, the cortege will not normally stop at the temple on the way to the cemetery. In mos t cases the funeral home will provide transportation for the Rabbi and the Cantor.The Committal Service Burial may take place in any cemetery the family chooses. During the procession, the Rabbi may stop seven times to pray. Upon arrival to the cemetery, the casket is placed in wooden planks over the newly dug grave. The site around the grave is usually plain with no artificial grass, but if using artificial grass, a tent and mechanical lowering device is used. During the service, the Rabbi will say special prayers and led the mourners in the recitation of the Kaddish (a prayer recited for the deceased by parents, siblings, spouses, and children). The children will recite theKaddish at every service for their parents for 11 months. Upon going the gravesite, mourners should wash their hands three times by pouring water on them, beginning with the right hand. The hands are then air-dried. As one can see there are numerous differences in the Roman Catholic and the Jewish funeral rites . However, these religions are only two of the thousands practiced in our world. While some may consider their religion healthier than others, everyone has the right to apply whatever religion they choose as well as participate in their own funeral practices.With all the available options, choices, and changes, the traditional funeral is basically no longer. Works Cited Curley, Terrance, P. Planning the Catholic Funeral. Liturgical Press, July 2005. Funeral Etiquette. Google. com. 13 April 2008. http//www. mountcastle. net/ funeral. htmFuneral_Etiquette_. Gambrel, Leslie. Personal Interview. 12 April 2008. Greenberg, Blu. How to lapse a Traditional Jewish Household. Simon & Schuster, September 1985. Conservative Judaism. Google. com. 13 April 2008. http//uscj. org/index1. html. Watson, Ron. A Time to Mourn, a Time to Comfort. Jewish Lights Publishing, New York. November 1995.

Joining the Navy Essay

It was a rainy, humid morning on Wednesday, October 8, 2008, a day I could never forget. I turned over calmly and realized it was 430am, time to get out of bed. It was the big day. All these thoughts were racing through my head. What am I doing? Am I sure this is even move out for me? Will I succeed in this? I was timid, excited, and fluttered all at the same time. It was the day Id no foresighteder be a civilian. Eight weeks from that day Id be calling myself a United States Navvy Sailor. As I woke up and started to get ready, I could have goose bumps Jitter up my spine.What occupied my mind was the thought of divergence my family. I was the last child still living at home. My brothers were already gone. Would my parents be able to cope? I know my dogs would miss me terribly. It was time to depart to the recruiting office. From there, NCI Valencia had to drive me to the Military Entrance Processing Station. That day felt desire a surreal blur. NCI Valencia would give me advi ce with a big grin on his face, and I would hear him, but not listen. My nerves were overpowering my embody and I couldnt manage them.I then pent the whole day in a building completing all these exams to make sure I was hearty and robust to leave. That day was the longest day of my life. flavor around, I felt at ease. All the other recruits were giving out the same body language I was giving. We were all feeling the same feelings and thinking the same thoughts. I wasnt alone. It was time for the Oath of Enlist workforcet Ceremony. A few men in sailor uniforms brought all the recruits into a room with a variety of flags. My family was the only family that attended to take pictures of the big event.I then elevated my even off hand, hile standing in the position of attention, and reiterated after Chief, l, Amanda Lazcos, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America and victimisation my peripheral vision, I noticed my mother crying. Keeping my emotions intact was extremely arduous. Think about this I was embarking on a new Journey and leaving the two most important people in my life at the age of 19. This was the first time I would be away from my parents for a long period of time. It was a life-defining moment. The event had come to a close.It was now time to say my farewells. At this point, it was nearly impossible to even glance at my family. Looking at them would make me realize how much they mean to me. I tried to make it quick and simple so I wouldnt shed a flood of tears. The last scent I reminisced on my mother was her Sunflowers perfume. She adored (and still does) that perfume. My father had this truly glorious look in his eyes. I knew he was so delighted to see me doing something positive towards my future. At the same time, I knew he was going to miss me a lot. In an instant, I was on the bus, and off to the airport along with 37 other recruits.

Alain Locke’s The New Negro: Aspects of Negro Culture Essay

Alain Locke, in The impertinently menacingness, suggests that the superannuated blackness is re tout ensembley nonhing more(prenominal) than a myth or an beliefl. He talks ab bug out the fact that there be aspects of Negro culture much(prenominal) as the spiritual that were overcome down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke then takes a look at few trends, including the tendency toward moving city-ward, and says these atomic number 18 not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north.Instead, he attributes this migration to a refreshed vision of opportunity. Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to cause for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and international from the state life, but also away from the old ways and toward the forward-looking. wise Negro is a precondition popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dign ity and a refusal to submit lightly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The landmark New Negro was make popular by Alain LeRoy Locke.The New Negro, Locke set forth the landscape of Harlem as filled by varied notions of what it meant to be a black American. - quondam(a) Negro as more myth than a creation and the blind acceptance of this formula against ideas of the thinking Negro and the on-key diversity of actual pitying existences This move is significant because Locke uses this idea to create space for a more accurate representation of the Negro community in light of the antecedent ideologic poles of the moral leadership and imaged blackness.Lockes primary goal in the see The New Negro is to migrate from monolithic notions of an Old Negro, as intumesce as from the exhausted frameworks of cautious intellectual black leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the rank and point of Negro life (Locke, New Negro 6). -New Neg ro as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community. // In a 1925 essay entitled The New Negro, Alain Locke described this transformation as an encompass of a new psychology and spirit.Locke felt that it was imperative for the New Negro to smash all of the racial, accessible and psychological obstacles that had previously unplowed the Black man from reaching his goals. The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make discrimination an palliation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective he is act to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current fond discounts By shedding the old chrysalis of the Negro problem we argon achieving something like a spiritual emancipationNegro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new person So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human beings being a som ething to be argued slightly, condemned or defended, to be kept down, or in his place, or helped up, to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden? In the intellectual realm a renewed and keen curiosity is renew the recent apathy the Negro is being carefully studied, not just talked about and discussed.In art and letters, instead of being wholly caricatured, he is being seriously portray eel and painted. Alain Locke, in The New Negro, suggests that the old Negro is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture such as the spiritual that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke then takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving city-ward, and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north.Instead, he attributes this migration to a new vision of opportunity. Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new. New Negro is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term New Negro was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke.The New Negro, Locke described the landscape of Harlem as filled by different notions of what it meant to be a black American. -Old Negro as more myth than a man and the blind acceptance of this formula against ideas of the thinking Negro and the true diversity of actual human beings This move is significant because Locke uses this idea to create space for a more accurate representation of the Negro community in light of the antecedent ideological poles of the moral leadership and imaged blackness.Lockes primary goal in th e essay The New Negro is to migrate from monolithic notions of an Old Negro, as well as from the exhausted frameworks of bourgeois intellectual black leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the rank and file of Negro life (Locke, New Negro 6). -New Negro as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community. // In a 1925 essay entitled The New Negro, Alain Locke described this transformation as an embracing of a new psychology and spirit.Locke felt that it was imperative for the New Negro to smash all of the racial, social and psychological obstacles that had previously kept the Black man from reaching his goals. The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make discrimination an extenuation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective he is trying to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current social discounts By shedding the old chrysalis of the Negro probl em we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipationNegro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new soul So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be kept down, or in his place, or helped up, to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden? In the intellectual realm a renewed and keen curiosity is replacing the recent apathy the Negro is being carefully studied, not just talked about and discussed.In art and letters, instead of being wholly caricatured, he is being seriously portray eel and painted. Alain Locke, in The New Negro, suggests that the old Negro is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture such as the spiritual that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge. Locke the n takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving city-ward, and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north.Instead, he attributes this migration to a new vision of opportunity. Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new. New Negro is a term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. The term New Negro was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke.The New Negro, Locke described the landscape of Harlem as filled by different notions of what it meant to be a black American. -Old Negro as more myth than a man and the blind acceptance of this formula against ideas of the thinking Negro and the true diversity of a ctual human beings This move is significant because Locke uses this idea to create space for a more accurate representation of the Negro community in light of the antecedent ideological poles of the moral leadership and imaged blackness.Lockes primary goal in the essay The New Negro is to migrate from monolithic notions of an Old Negro, as well as from the exhausted frameworks of bourgeois intellectual black leadership toward an idea that gives creative agency and credibility to the rank and file of Negro life (Locke, New Negro 6). -New Negro as a means of rediscovering individuality of voice in the context of community. // In a 1925 essay entitled The New Negro, Alain Locke described this transformation as an embracing of a new psychology and spirit.Locke felt that it was imperative for the New Negro to smash all of the racial, social and psychological obstacles that had previously kept the Black man from reaching his goals. The intelligent Negro of today is resolved not to make di scrimination an extenuation for his shortcomings in performance, individual or collective he is trying to hold himself at par, neither inflated by sentimental allowances nor depreciated by current social discountsBy shedding the old chrysalis of the Negro problem we are achieving something like a spiritual emancipation Negro life is not only establishing new contacts and founding new centers, it is finding a new soul So for generations in the mind of America, the Negro has been more of a formula than a human being a something to be argued about, condemned or defended, to be kept down, or in his place, or helped up, to be worried with or worried over, harassed or patronized, a social bogey or a social burden? In the intellectual realm a renewed and keen curiosity is replacing the recent apathy the Negro is being carefully studied, not just talked about and discussed. In art and letters, instead of being wholly caricatured, he is being seriously portray eel and painted. Alain Locke, i n The New Negro, suggests that the old Negro is really nothing more than a myth or an ideal. He talks about the fact that there are aspects of Negro culture such as the spiritual that were beaten down but were accepted when finally allowed to emerge.Locke then takes a look at some trends, including the tendency toward moving city-ward, and says these are not because of poor or even violent conditions in the south nor of the industry in the north. Instead, he attributes this migration to a new vision of opportunity. Locke then points out that the Negro is willing to work for better conditions and that this migration is not only toward the city and away from the country life, but also away from the old ways and toward the new.

Layoff and Strategic Downsizing Decisions Essay

INTRUDUCTIONDownsizing is a permanent drop-off of liveforce by dint of layoffs and early(a) means. Organizations usually downsize to save payroll costs and prevent bankruptcy during mean(a) economical conditions. Downsizing, when d maven right, makes the constitution more(prenominal)(prenominal) efficient, lean, and mean .On the an separate(prenominal) side, a faulty approach to furlough can cause the organization to run the encounter of losing key talent and intellectual capital, and becoming dysfunctional by breakdown of hierarchies and systems. The criteria adopted for who stays and who goes rangyly determines the success of the downsize intervention Many organizations, in particular traditional ones, in a bid to ensure impartiality and objectivity adopt the LIFO or Last in First Out tenet whereby those who joined the organization resist do the first to leave. The rationale of making seniority the basis of downsizing is that newer employees take away spent less time in the organization and atomic number 18 less committed or acquainted with the finer nuances of its running.Also, the organization would cook invested lesser time and resources training such employees compargond to older employees. other organizations make the combination of competence and effect, or the ability to do required tasks well, the basis of retaining an employee during downsizing. A fresh performance estimate should precede downsizing, or the last appraisal can be the basis for determining who goes and who stays. Those at the bottom of the appraisal list usually get the layoff nonice first. While making performance the primary selection criteria for downsizing and restructure is appargonntly a just and equitable method, two major concerns remain The soundness and objectivity of the performance appraisal method adopted. A poorly designed performance appraisal method that does not assess the true indicators of performance tycoon churn up a wrong list, causing the danger of the organization dispensing with true performers and retaining people who cleverly mask or cover up their inefficiencies. Whether the performance or competence ofthe employee remains relevant for the organization.The expendability of the person to the organization is another sound basis for determining the selection criteria for downsizing and restructure. This approach primarily holds the value added by the employee to the organization more than any other factor. Regardless of the performance of anemployee, an employee efficacy remain critical for the functioning of the organization, or conversely not needed. For instance, with technology taking roots, most companies do not require specialist stenographers or typists, no matter how skilled or efficient they may be in their work. Similarly, closing down the selling arm of the business and issuesourcing the marketing try baron forget to the lay-off of all marketing executives, no matter how skilled or successful th ey may be.Organizations would, however, do well to identify people with good generic skills, and the right attitude and commitment, and retain them in other patronages even if the jobs they remain competent in become irrelevant to the organization. The commercial interests of the organization notwithstanding, legal considerations play an important role in determining who goes and who stays during downsizing. The federal Worker Adjustment and Retraining presentment Act (WARN) requires employers to travel by employees, state and local officials a 60 days notice to mass layoffs when reducing their workforce by 33 percent or more, or laying off 500 employees within a 30-day menses. WARN further requires employers of unionized employees to give the union 60 days notice in front lay-off of their members, and provide individual notice to non-unionized employees.DEFINITION OF retrenchmentDownsizing occurs when a conjunction permanently lands its workforce. Corporate downsizing is of ten the result of poor economic conditions and/or the companys need to cut jobs in order to lower costs or maintain profitability. Downsizing may occur when one company merges with another, a product or service is cut, or the economy falters. Downsizing also occurs when employers want to streamline a company this refers to corporate restructuring in order to increase profit and maximize efficiency. Downsizing results in layoffs that are often followed by other restructuring changes, such as branch closings, departmental consolidation, and other forms of track pay expenses. In some cases, employers are not fired, scarcely instead become part-time or temporary workers (to trim costs).ACTIVITIES OF DOWNSIZINGIt low recognizen to rectify organizational efficiency, productivity and competitiveness that affect the size of the firms workforce the costs andthe work processes.DOWNSIZING STRATEGIESThere are 3 types of strategies. These are below1.workforce lessening 2.work redesign3.sys tematic change 1. Workforce reductionTypically a short term dodging aimed at cutting the number of employees through and through such programs as attrition, early retirement or voluntary severance packages and layoffs or terminations. Whils a number of these approaches allow for a relatively quick reduction of the workforce, the problem is that their impact is often short term and in many organizations.2. Work redesignOften a medium-term strategy in which organizations focus on work processes and assess whether specific functions, products and services should be changed or eliminated. this strategy which is often combined with workforce reduction, includes such things as elimination of functions, groups or divisions.3. self-opinionated changeLong term strategy characterized by changing the organizations culture and the attitudes and values of employees with the on firing goal of deducting costs and enhancing quality. By its very nature this strategy takes considerable time to imp lement.RESTRUCTURING HOW COMMON IS WORKFORCE REDUCTION AND?The issue that comes up regularly involves how common workforce reduction in Canada. In a subject field study of major Canadian organization conducted in 1992 and in 1998, it was found that 56% of respondents permanently reduce the workforce over two year period ending in 1992, mend 50% cut the number of employee during two year period prior to 1997-1998 about 31% of employee reduced in twain 1992 and 1998 5% precent of organization did not engage in workforce.Three recent studies found 45% of participants reported that their organization permanently reduced workforce in two years. Amongorganizations reducing the workforce average reduction was around 15% of the workforce. Similarly, when investing how the workforce reductions were carried out combining the result from the studies revealed that about 355 of reductions were by attrition, 45% by voluntary severance or early retirement and 40% by layoffs. Compared 1990s, the se results suggest that organization s are relying less on layouts and more voluntary services.WHY DO ORGANIZATIONS DOWNSIZE?There are several reasons why organizational decide to downsize the workforce. Some of the factors most commonly mentioned include the following Declining internetBusiness downturn or increased pressure from competitorsMerging with another organization, resulting in duplication of effort Introduction of new technologyThe need to reduce operating costsThe desire to decrease levels of perplexityGetting rid of employee deadwoodSimply put, many organizations engage in downsizing because managers believe that cutting people will result in reduced cost (with cost being more predictable than future and improved financial performance. In addition, grok cost is often seen as easier to adjust relative to other expenditures. Although executives often perceive that reducing the number of people in the organization will lead to lower overhead cost, reduced bureaucracy , better communication, improved decision making, increased innovative activity and higher productivity, at that place is considerable evidence that workforce reduction programs often fail to meet their objectives, as has been observe by Cascio Study by and by study shows that following a downsizing, surviving employees become narrow-minded, self-absorbed, and risk averse. team spirit sink, producing drops, and survivors distrust management. Some organizations drastically reduce the workforce and employ a severe reduction strategy despite increasing demand and a well-to-do competitive enviroment.This development, which has been mentioned by HR managers in personal interview, may be due to a variety of reasons, including a decision to follow the lead of other firms engage in cutback management and increase awareness of the need of operate in a lean and meanfashion.THE DOWNSIZING DECISIONFor many organizations, going through a downsizing is a very painful and difficult experience. A 1994 article Business week profiled Robert Thrasher, executive vice-president at Nynex and the individual liable for cutting labelled the corporate assassin. In speaking about downsizing Thrasher commented. This is tough, ugly work. The stress is palpable .Im vilified throughout the company .thats tough thing to carry around. More recently, Robert Burtlon of Moore Corporation, when discussing his role in a cost cutting plan at a previous company, stated. I put ont get frustrated any more. I just fire people.Too often, organization embarks on a downsizing program without too-careful consideration of whether there are feasible alternatives to downsizing. Studies after study reveals that many downsizing are not well planned frequently ignore the gene linkage between downsizing and the strategic direction of organization, and underestimate the impact of downsizing on the organization and its human resource.ALTERNATIVES TO DOWNSIZINGDownsizing can be a costly strategy for organization to pursue and as a result, it is desirable to investigate whether alternatives to downsizing exis.In a number of instance, organizations discover that pursuing different alternatives to downsizing may eliminate the need to reduce the workforce or allow for a less severe downsizing strategy.Some of the alternatives include1. Cutting no personnel costs (e.g, through energy conservation, planned capital expenditures, leasing of capital equipment, reductions in travel or club memberships) 2. Cutting personnel costs (e.g, through a hiring freeze, job sharing, a reduction in work hours, reduced benefits, and wage concessions) 3.Providing incentives for voluntary resignation or early retirement Although this list is not complete, it emphasizes the need to consider other ways to manage costs within an organization One organization, road communications inc, asked each member of its staff to take one week of unpaid leave during the summer months. According to senior partner mia wedgbury , it let us keep our core team together while reducing cost. Andit went over well with the staff because it precluded layoffs. another organization acxion corporation cut the pay of each employee earning more than 25000 dollar by 5% but also gave the employee the option to by company stock that would be matched one-foe one by the firm INPLACEORMENT AND OUTPLACEMENT ISSUESOutplacement Issues .Inplacement Refers To A Career Management Approach Inappropriately hardened Workers Into a Restructured organization ,while outplacement focuses on the provision of a program In Examining The Downsizing Decision, It Is Necessary To Consider Both Inplacement And of counseling and job-search assistance for workers who have been terminated. In making career management decisions, organizational decision makers may opt for an inplacement program or termination with outplacement In a survey of Canadian manufacturing firms end in 2000, organizations that had gone through downsizing were asked to report on the benefits they provide to displace workers. These results are provided in figure11.2 .The most common benefits were severance pay, continuation of employee benefits, outplacement develop assistance or family counselingPLANNING FOR DOWNSIZINGIf downsizing is essential, the key issues that need to be considered Determining how many people will lose their job and who will be let go (ie. based on seniority or performance)Determining how reduction will be carried out. For example, to what extent will the organization use attrition, early retirement or voluntary severance programs and layoff or termination. Its possible to consider the approach to workforce reduction from the perspective of employee? As indicated in figure 11.3,the approaches to workforce reduction vary in the degree of protection to employees and the cost to employeeDetermining the legal consequences. For example organizations often ignore or are unaware of legal requirements when downsizing the workforce .some ar eas of law to be aware of include the law of wrongful dismissal,employmentstandards legislation, trade union law ,existing collective agreement provisions, and human right legislation. for instance, there may be a very narrow line between voluntary and involuntary termination, and with the termination of older workers, there exists a possibility of an age discrimination claim Designing current and future work plans .this issue represents a key challenge for the organization and is frequently neglected Implementing the decision. Implementation includes such elements as severance payments, outplacement counseling, the communication of the termination decision, timing if the decision, issues, and communications with remaining employees put to deathing follow-up evaluations and assessment of downsizing effortFigure 11.3 Approaches To Workforce ReductionWorkforce Degree of Reduction protection to Implementation Approach Example Employee Time Attrition Hiring Freeze High assignVoluntary Early Retirement Redeployment Voluntary buyoutWork sharingInvoluntary Transfer Redeployment DemotionImposed job sharingLayoff with Retraining assist job counseling Advance noticeLayoff without Termination Low First Assistance No advance notice No SeverancePROCESS OF DOWNSIZINGThere are 6 processes. These are below1. Develop an RIF team to plot initial strategy.2. Plan the goals and timing of the RIF.3. Perform an overall workforce analysis.4. criticism employment policies, individual contracts of employment.5. Ensure entry with the Worker.6. Special considerations for unionized employers.1. Develop an RIF team to plot initial strategyNobody likes the prospect of a downsizing especially employees who may feel particularly vulnerable to being set off and the mere mention of the word can trigger widespread fury and morale problems. At the early stages of the initial strategy phase, a company should limit discussion of downsizing to a trusted core of high-level management personn el and consultants. For large companies considering large-scale layoffs, the RIF team ideally should include the chief financial officer, the chief executive officer, the chief operating officer, a senior-level human resources or employee relations executive, an upper-level payroll specialist, an employment law attorney, and a public relations consultant.2. Plan the goals and timing of the RIFThe first task is to determine the magnitude of nest egg that need to be realized from a layoff. This task is part of an overall cost-cutting plan, which could implicate other costs and expenses in addition to those related to personnel. Second, the RIF team should consider ways to realize the desired savings, such as subcontracting consolidation of divisions, operating units or functions the sale of the company or a work unit and shutdowns.3. Perform an overall workforce analysis and an analysis of each proposed terminationThe most complicated and difficult aspect of the RIF process is determ ining which employees will be laid off. The most common legal challenges to layoffs are administrative charges and lawsuits premised on discrimination based on age or other legally protected characteristics. Accordingly, it is life-and-death for an employer to be able to give legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for every termination decision. Those reasons need to be easy to articulate and logically consistent.4. Review employment policies, individual contracts of employment, separation benefits and stock-option agreements under which affected employees may claim rights or benefitsThe RIF team should perform a due-diligence review of potential liabilities and verify whether, by policy or contract, the company has especial(a) its ability to lay off employees. Likewise, where a collective bargaining agreement or policy dictates a priority for reductions in force, or bumping rights, such procedures should be examined. The company should also review policies and agreements to determ ine eligibility for severance benefits and accrued benefits such as paid time off, vacation or sick leave.5. Ensure compliance with the Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification (WARN) ActGenerally, employers with 100 or more employees are subject to the WARN Act. Covered employers are required to give 60 days advance written notice of a plant closing or mass layoff. A plant closing is defined as the permanent or temporary shutdown of at least one facility or operating unit that results in an employment spill of 50 or more employees at a single rate of employment. A mass layoff is a redness of employment at a single site of employment that affects at least 50 employees and one-third of the covered employers work force. a loss of employment of 500 or more workers at a single site of employment.Special considerations for unionized employersThe National Labor Relations Board maintains that, with certain exceptions, employers must bargain with employee representatives over the ef fects oflayoffs stemming from entrepreneurial decisions such as closing a plant or transferring bargaining-unit work. In the case of layoffs that do not constitute a business closing or a transfer of bargaining-unit work, employers generally must bargain over the effects of such decisions and, depending on contract language, the very decision to lay off employees.ADJUSTING TO stemma LOSSWorkers who have lost their jobs frequently experience tremendous pain. As well, job loss can be very difficult for family members. Furthermore, many downsized employees are very bitter and angry with their former employer. A U.S. study of downsized workers revealed that 67% would never work for their former company again, 54% would not recommend that others procure the organizations products or services, and 11% considered going to the media and talking about their layoff experiences. One can start adjusting to job loss by using a little psychology. There have been a lot of studies done on how to deal with loss. Psychologists have found that people often have an easier time transaction with loss if they know what feelings they might experience during the grieving process. Grief doesnt usually overwhelm us all at once it usually is go through in stages. The stages of loss or grief may include Shock you may not be fully aware of what has happened.Denial usually comes succeeding(a) you cannot believe that the loss is true. Relief then enters the picture for some, and you feel a burden has lifted and opportunity awaits. Anger often follows you blame (often without reason) those you think might be responsible, including yourself. Depression may set in some time later, when you realize the populace of the loss. Acceptance is the final stage of the process you come to price with the loss and get the energy and desire to move beyond it. The acceptance stage is the best place to be when starting a job search, but you might not have the luxury of waiting until this point to be gin your search. While some people may see a job loss as a challenge which opens up new opportunities, most associate job loss with strong negative emotions.It is important to know that it is natural to have some negative feelings (especially at first) after a job loss, and that most people experiencethem. Here are some feelings and experiences that you may have after losing your job Loss of professional identity Professionals identify strongly with their careers. Unemployment can often lead to a loss of self-esteem. Being employed brings respect in the community and in the family. When a job is lost, part of your sense of self may be lost as well. Loss of a network The loss may be worse when your social life has been strongly linked to the job. Many ongoing work friendships are suddenly halted. Old friends and colleagues often dont call because they feel awkward or dont know what to say. Many dont want to be reminded of what could happen to them.Also, when work and social activitie s mix, such as with company picnics and dinner parties, the job loss can be hard for all family members who participated in such activities. Emotional unpreparedness Those who have never been unemployed may not be randyly prepared for job loss and may be devastated when it happens. It is natural and appropriate to feel this way. You might notice that some people you know dont take their job loss as hard as you have taken it. They might be more prepared for this time of uncertainty. Studies show that those who change jobs frequently, or who are in occupations prone to cyclic unemployment, suffer far less emotional impact after job loss than those who have been steadily employed and who are unprepared for cutbacks.A number of organizational interventions and practices have been identified as helping previously employed workers adjust to job loss and secure new employment. They include the following Advance notification of layoffs, which gives employees time to dent with the reality o f job loss and to seek future employment. Severances pay and extended benefits, which provide an economic safety net. Education and retraining programs, which give individuals time to acquire vendible skills. Outplacement assistance to inform employees of new job opportunities and to improve their ability to market themselves. Clear, direct and empathetic announcement of layoff decisions. Consideration of HR planning practices that represent alternatives to large scale layoffs.There are some benefits of losing a jobTime to reflectGrow new ideas, direction and career planGet out of a job that was substandardSpend more time with family and hobbies

Global Food Crisis Essay

Food shortage is fast taking global catastrophic proportions. The UN secretary General Ban Ki-Moon warns the dry land that it could trigger off crisis upon crisis if the problem is not acted upon and solved originally it is too late. The food crisis did not just happen overnight. world(a) Warming has had a hand in it. Heavy rains and flooding in the rice fields of Asia greatly affected rice labor, enough to cause a shortage. With the decrease in supply and an increase in demand for it, prices rose.Prices of other commodities as well as oil, fertilizer and energy required for food production were similarly affected. Gradual switch of energy sources from fossil fuels to bio fuels even with its concern for the environment is an adverse threat to food production. Faced with a food crisis should be a wake up call for everyone. For the fortunate few with food on their table, they moldiness think of the hungry in the other parts of the world. They must not panic-buy knowing that others whitethorn go without a morsel of their horde.Artificial shortages give the sellers reason to jack up prices. The destructive effects of global heating plant may have been caused by our neglect and is now beyond our control. But an economic crisis that may be one of the domino effects of the food crisis may be avoided by our own doing. Hunger has always been in our midst, maybe not anywhere near the more affluent First World besides in the African continent. Africa has wide, but dry barren lands that have not been used much for agriculture. Why suffer the pangs of hunger when the solution is right before us waiting to be tapped?We could develop the soil for agriculture. Science and Technology is a continuous discipline that stops at nothing in attempt of cures, solutions, means and methods to problems that face us everyday. Fund sourcing must be a global effort. We must all do our share to help feed the world and solve the current crisis. There is nothing we can not do for the wo rld if we have the concern, the will and the action plan.Works Cited Engeler, Eliane. UN to set up parturiency Force to tackle Global Food Crisis. Bern, Switzerland The Associated Press, 2008.

Logical Framework Analysis – Definition and Example

limpid Framework depth psychology (LFA) LFA is an analytical, presentational and management tool which can help planners to * analyse the existing function during project preparation * establish a logical hierarchy of means by which objectives will be reached * identify the potential risks to achieving the objectives, and to sustainable outcomes * establish how outputs and outcomes might best be monitored and evaluated * present a synopsis of the project in a standard format and * monitor and review projects during implementation.A distinction is usefully do between what is known as the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) and the Logical Framework Matrix (LFM). The set out involves problem analysis, stakeholder analysis, developing a hierarchy of objectives and selecting a preferred implementation strategy. The product of this analytical memory access is the matrix, which summarises what the project intends to do and how, what the key assumptions are, and how outputs and outcomes will be monitored and evaluated. The Logical Framework Approach consists of 2 phases the compendium Phase and the Planning Phase.The Analysis Phase consists of 4 steps Stakeholder Analysis, Problem Analysis, Analysis of Objectives and Strategy Analysis whilst the Planning Phase consists of the LFM and Activity and Resource Scheduling. Intervention logic Indicators Sources of verifications Important assumptions GOAL grade crowds wellness shall improve 20% fewer cases of diarrhea, eye infections,malaria, blood parasites Reports from health clinics inthe project area OBJECTIVE utilization of clean pee shall increase from x to y and the use of latrines from a to b Project half(a) yearly reports 1.Water sources remainunpolluted2. Primary health care andeducation are still provided RESULTS 1. 50% of the target group supplied with able quantities of clean water2. 50% of existing water points in the target area repaired3. Hygienic habits of the target group improved 1. water quality tested2. 50% of existing water points in working order3. All water points included in the maintenance programme4. Target groups habits more hygienic 1. Project personnel who visit allconstruction sites when theinstallations are complete2.Reports from the District3. Half-yearly reports from theMin of Health 4. Examinations of the target group which is given training in health matters 1. Maintenance clay willcontinue to function2. Action to be taken budget for current exists to be established at the healthauthority3. Target group is willing toadopt new habits in respectof water and sanitation ACTIVITIES 1. 1 Train xx personnel1. 2 Designate xx places for water points1. 3 Procure materials1. 4 Drill and construct xx wells2. 1 Train xx water groups2. Acquire materials2. 3 Repair xx old waterpoints3. 1 trace present habits of hygiene3. 2 Train in hygiene Project and followsForeign financingCapital tidys ______ Operating costs ______Infrastructure ______Technical assistance ( 4)Total cost District 1 $_____Total cost District 2 $_____Total foreign cost ______Local financingPersonnel (unit at local health authority) ____Infrastructure _____Maintenance ______Operating costs Total cost District 1 $_____Total cost District 2 $_____Total local cost ____ 1.Necessary capital goods,materials and personnel areavailable2. Action to be taken study tobe made3. Action to be taken targetgroup participates in planning, implementationand follow-up4. Implementing organizationfulfils its obligations5. Action to be taken healthauthorities sign anagreement INPUT CONDITIONS 1. Adequate supply of ground water of good quality2. Government continues to support the project

Philosophical Context in Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis

innovation Kafka neer fully embraced Zionism, and he remained ambivalent toward Judaism. He was more openly interested in anarchism and socialism, hardly was not committed to either philosophy because he refused to completely align himself with an established worldview. Modernism -Kafka was opened to Modernism. -Modernism was a movement during the late 19th century and early twentieth century of scientific, technological and industrial development. Modernists shared a desire to create literature that was untried and different. Their belief was to capture the reality of late life and that rapid change cause uncertainty, disjointedness, and alienation. Kafka wrote about the absurdity of existence, the alienating experience of modern life, and the rigorousness of authoritarian power. -The word Kafkaesque has passed into the literature to describe an unsettling, disorienting, nightmarish world that is at at one cartridge holder some(prenominal) fearful and menacing in its ambig uity and complexity. Kafkas views on Humanity Speaking with his friend Max Brod, Kafka once explained that he thought human beings were trapped in a hopeless world. This belief never leaves Kafkas writing, and it is deliver in The Metamorphosis, where Gregors only option, in the end, is to die.Ironically, the story ends on an optimistic note, as the family puts itself back together. Existentialism -Kafka never studied philosophy but he was friends with several intellectuals and read works by famous philosophers. -Several good deal think of Kafka as an existentialist. -Existentialism is a 20th-century philosophical movement, which assumes that people are completely free and thus trusty for what they make of themselves. -The early 19th century philosopher Soren Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of existentialism. -Franz Kafka was an important literary author in existentialism.His story, which is surreal, is one of many modernist literary works that was influenced by existentia list philosophy. -The Metamorphosis advances the existential view of the function of the individual to maintain a balance between work and leisure. If one chooses to devote their life entirely to work, they are no more than droning insects, yet if they devote their lives to leisure, they are no better off. -Gregor initially chooses society over himself, which in turn transformed him into the working drone he was. After his physiologic transformation, he is forced reassert his focus to himself, and society abandons him.Nietzche and Kierkgaard -Kierkegaard and Nietzsche considered the role of making free choices,Kierkegaardsknight of credenceand NietzschesUbermenschare representative of people who exhibitFreedom and define the nature of their own existence. -Nietzsches apotheosis individual invents his or her own values and creates the terms under which they excel. -Gregors monstrous insect form represents Gregors base refusal to submit to societys values like Nietzschean Ubermen sch. Martin Buber -Kafka was friends with philosopher and existentialist Martin Buber.They would send each other letters and these letters were later on published in Bubers The letters of Martin Buber a life of dialogue. Together they discussed existentialism and were part of a literary circle. They were both jewish and anarchists. -Shared existentialist rejection of achieving real satisfaction in life. Characters in Kafkas tales are left-hand(a) wanting something, needing a connection to the world that can never be made complete. Sigmund Freud -Kafka was familiar with the saucily published works of Sigmund Freud. -However, he was no Freudian disciple and wrote negatively of psychoanalytic theory. But Gregors counterpoint with his father and the dream-like quality of the story realtes to Freuds analysis of dreams and the Oedipal complex A subconscious sexual desire in a child, especially a male child, for the parent of the opposite sex, usually accompanied by abhorrence to the parent of the same sex. All sons incur they are in competition with their father and often feel in a battle against the father. Father vs. Son in Metamorphosis -Gregor seems to have a rugged relationship with his father. His family rejects him, and his main enemy is his father, who wants to kill him. When Gregors father sees Gregor in his insect form, he shakes his fist at him and glares at him fiercely. Later he attacks him with a newspaper and a walking stick, and, bombards him with apples, causing him serious injury. -He is similarly makes sarcastic comments, suggesting for instance that Gregors room is untidy. -It excessively turns out that he has deceived Gregor about the family finances, thus extending the length of Gregors employ at the hateful traveling salesmans job. -He also does not seem particularly appreciative of the money Gregor has been bringing in. Gregors disappointment over the lack of appreciation is one of the few critical thoughts he thinks about his fath er. -He also thinks briefly that the money his father hid from him could have been used to free him from his job sooner, but he apace dismisses the thought by saying that no doubt his father knew best. -Basically Gregors father abuses him, but he suppresses his mad responses and accepts his downtrodden state. Marx and Kafka -Karl Marx believed alienation is a result of capitalism. Kafka was influenced by his political philosophy of Marxism. A Marxist would read Gregors unfitness to work as a protest against the dehumanizing and alienating effects of working in a private-enterprise(prenominal) society. -Gregor Samsa, the protagonenist, signifies the proletariat, or the working class, and his unnamed manager represents the bourgeoisie. -The conflict that arises between the two after Gregors metamorphosis, which leaves him unable to work, represents the dehumanizing structure of class relations. -Finally, the results of Gregors inability to work is abandonment by his family and de ath. -The words he chooses to describe his job, torture, worrying, and miserable come out his discontent with his job.He says, If I didnt hold back for my parents sake, I would have quit long ago. It is only economic necessity that keeps him going to work everyday. Historical Context -In 1912, when Kafka was writing The Metamorphosis, Prague was a metropolis of ethnic tensions, primarily between Czechs and Germans and between Czechs and Jews. -Economically, the late nineteenth century marked the climax of the industrial Revolution in europium. -Industrial development within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was not as advanced as in Europe but Prague was one of the most advanced and prosperous cities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. However, along with the prosperity created by the new industrialism came dislocation and disruption of the old ways, largely as a result of the shift of large total of people from the countryside to the city. Industrialization also meant the appearance of l arge numbers of jobs, for both factory and office workers, which was hardwork. And the check system enforced a system of routine learning that seemed relentlessly joylessat least(prenominal) it seemed joyless to young Kafka, who hated school, just as he hated his first full? time job. Long hours at boring jobs create alienation. And oppressive employers like Gregors were normal.

ANNIH

The key idea of the annihilator regularity is to replace the business of solving a non-homogeneous par with the problem of solving a higher order homogeneous equation. The method is discussed in Section 2. 11 of Cottonwoods book. The more than popular alternate approach is discussed in sections 5. 4-5. 5 of Trenchs book. So we begin with a brief discussion of higher order analogue homogeneous equations with constant coefficients. This is do in Section 2. 7 of Codington, as well as section 9. 2 of Trench, in more depth and greater detail.Such depth is not necessary for our purposes. So consider an equation of the build y (n) + an-I y+ahoy=O. Based on our experience with second order equations, we would naturally try outcome of the form y = erg . If you go through the motions of differentiating and substituting into the equation you will get where urn + an-I urn-l + . +air+AAA, which is as earlier called the characteristic polynomial. The difficulty is that now if n 2, the pol ynomial is of higher degree than before and such polynomials argon hard to factor and find sinks.We do not have available the quadratic formula. There are cubic formulas and quarter formulas that are spangn and used to appear in books, but they are seldom taught any more and no such formulas are available for polynomials of degree 5 or higher. So in practice it slew be very hard to find the roots of the characteristic polynomial. Nevertheless, we can at least imagine factoring the polynomial and finding the roots. In general there would be a number of linear and irreducible quadratic factors. The quadratic factors susceptibility lead to complex roots.Any of these factors might be repeated and we would so get roots that appeared more than once. Suppose there were k distinct real roots RL , re , ark . For each such root, we would have a source of the form yes = erg x . Then there might be several pairs of roots of the form a I. These would do us pairs of real solvings of t he form ex. coos(x), ex. sin(x). We saw in Chapter 3 that if a root occurred twice, we got an add upitional solution of the form Xerox . This still happens but more is true. Let me just make an authoritative statement, which I will make some explanatory comments about later.If a real root rig occurs times, then each of the functions XML erg x , for m = O, 1, , -? 1, is a solution. Similarly, if the pair a I occurs times, then each 1 of the pairs of functions XML ex. coos(x), XML ex. sin(x), for m = O, 1, are solutions. Thus we can write down n solutions of the differential equation. For example, suppose in a problem we ended up with the factored characteristic polynomial p(r) = re (r 2)3 (re + or + 3)2 . Then v the root RL O occurs 4 times, the root re 2 occurs 3 times, and the pair of roots -?1 ii occurs 2 times.Thus we get as solutions 1, x, xx , xx , ex. , sex , xx ex. , e-x cost xx), e-x sin( xx), exe-x coos( xx), exe-x sin( xx), giving 11 solutions in all. (Do you see how the first 4 of these solutions come from the root RL = O? ) Note that p(r) has degree 11 so the initial differential equation would have been of order 1 1 . Since the equation was simulated linear, the linearity properties would guarantee we could multiply each of these 1 1 solutions by an arbitrary constant and add to get many solutions of the original problem.We will see below that in all cases that occur, the polynomials will very be easy to factor and we will not have any reason to be disheartened. With this preparation, we psyche to a discussion of the annihilator method for constant coefficient linear differential equations. In order for the method to work, the equation to be solved must be of the form L(y) = f (x), where 1. L is linear with constant coefficients. . The non-homogeneous status f (x) is a solution Of a homogeneous differential equation M (y) = O, where M is linear with constant coefficients.So the basic idea is to do something to both sides of the given inh omogeneous differential equation so that the result is a homogeneous differential equation and we can do ha ewe already know how to do. Here is a motivational example If we differentiate this equation twice, we get Clearly any solution of (1 ) is a solution of (2) (differentiating both sides of any true equation gives a true equation), but not conversely (two functions which fifer by a constant still have the same derivative). Thus the general solution of (2) will contain all solutions of (1), together with many extraneous solutions.

Why Shift Attention To Second Generation Biofuels Environmental Sciences Essay

Second coevals biofuels atomic number 18 do from biomass-to-liquid engineerings, specific solelyy cellulosic ethyl group alcohol and Fischer-Tropsch gasification, and argon int overthrowed to utilize lignocellulosic biomass. These engineerings are non by now commercially accessible. A figure of companies submit to some agro-fuel engineerings utilizing already bing diet stocks like palm oil or rapeseed oil as second coevals like Neste Oil s NExBTL Diesel, that consumes hard-hitting hydrogenation of fatty acids.Shift FROM original GENERATION TO SECOND GENERATION BIO burnSMany of the issues linked with world-class-generation biofuels notify be sought out by the devise of biofuels which are manufactured from agricultural and forest left over s and besides from non-food harvest commissariat stocks. Ligno-cellulosic feedstock is formed from specializer vitality harvests grown on cultivable land, and at that place rather a few apprehensivenesss remain over viing land usage, alth ough energy end products are expected to be heights than if harvests grown for 1st-generation biofuels are produced on the same dirt. Additionally hapless quality land could besides whitethornhap be utilised by the usage of 2nd coevals bio fuels.FEED STOCK YIELD AND ESTIMATION OF soil AREA NEEDED 3 As we can see the tabular array gives us informations of the output of provender stock that is used for the output of 2nd coevals bio fuels, and besides the land that skill be essential for the sum of output. These 2nd-generation biofuels are relatively immature so they must hold all right capableness for cost decreases and greater than before production efficiency degrees as more clip is base on ballss and interrogation is done. Having an influence slightly from the future oil monetary values, they are likely to go an helping of the solution to the job of traveling conveyance sector to the side of more sustainable energy resources. However, primaeval proficient and economic ob structions have still to come before they can be widely deployed. 4 Feedstock used by 2nd coevals engineerings include and their output is besides shown in the undermentioned tabular arrayDedicated agricultural production ( miscanthus, grass, and so forwards )Agricultural production wastes ( straw, leaves, chaffs, etc. )Dedicated forestry production ( wood ) A forestry and wood industry wastes ( subdivisions, sawdust, etc. )Other wood residues, green wastes, portion of family waste, etc.Low-cost harvests, forest residues, wood procedure wastes, and organic fraction of the municipal solid wastes may all be utilized as ligno-cellulosic provender stocks. In the topographic points where these stuffs are knowtable, production of biofuels should be do possible with practically no auxiliary land demands or consequence on nutrient and graphic symbol harvest production. Though in a batch of parts these sorts of remains and waste provender stocks might hold unequal handiness, and therefo re turning of vegetive grasses lead be indispensable as options.BIO FUEL PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICSHarvesting, treating, and presenting large volumes of biomass feedstock, with a needful quality, for whole of the twelvemonth, to a biofuels production works needs fabian logistical survey predating the investing in the works and its building. The program must be to cut low production cost, the cost of reaping and the cost of conveyance. Besides it should guarantee the economic feasibleness of the undertaking. This job is often insufficiently thought of when sing 2nd-generation options.The devising of biofuels utilizing ligno-cellulosic provender stocks may be done done 2 wholly separate fabrication paths. They include the undermentioned.biochemical where enzymes and different micro-organisms convert cellulose and hemicelluloses mechanism of the provender stocks to sugars earlier to their excitement to do ethyl alcoholThermo-chemical for which gasification engineerings resu lt in a synthesis gas ( CO + H2 ) through which a immense kind of long C concatenation biofuels can be make. For illustration artificial DieselThe mentioned are non merely types or waies to the production of 2nd coevals biofuels, assorted researches are traveling on for others and betterments. They can do biofuels points like those which are produced via the cardinal waies or others which include di-methyl quintessence, methyl alcohol, etc.ECONIMICS OF BIO FUELSOn the background of programs of assorted organisations the learning of 2nd coevals biofuels initial full commercial-scale operation will likely get down by 2012. A little piece of informations demoing figures related to production of 2nd coevals can be seen in table 1. 1 Another major difference among biochemical and thermo-chemical paths comes to be that lignin persona is a remnant of the enzymatic hydrolysis and therefore may be utilized for power coevals or possibly warming each bit good.BIO FUEL ENERGY BALANCENorm ally enzyme hydrolysis can be certain to do up to 300 cubic decimeter ethyl alcohol / dry metric ton of biomass whereas the other path could bring forth like 200 cubic decimeter of man-made Diesel as shown in Table 2 1 . There is an about same output in footings of the energy which is approx 6.5 GJ/t biofuels is since man-made Diesel has a larger value of energy denseness in comparative degree to volume than ethyl alcohol.Another chief thing that is different comes to be that biochemical waies produce ethyl alcohol in comparing to the thermo-chemical way which may be used to do a assortment of longer-chain hydrocarbons utilizing the synthesis gas.Technologies USEDCellulosic ethyl alcohol This technique uses more energy than it really intends to do. Thus, sing usage and the end product consequences of energy it performs worse than 1st coevals maize ethyl alcohol. The undermentioned diagram gives the formal of such a production 5 .A PRACTICAL PROCESS BY WHICH CELLULOSE ETHANOL I S PRODUCEDFischer-Tropsch gasification Fischer-Tropsch gasification is utilized largely to bring forth Diesel from coal. It is a highly energy thorough process that is at the minute non at all commercially executable. It is of inquiry that use of Fischer-Tropsch gasification on a bigger calibrated table may raise dodo fuel emanations. Following is an image of first bio-refinery ( a ) that was frame-up 6 and a Fischer Tropsch Section in China ( B ) 6 .( a ) Image of the 1st Bio-Refinery ( B ) Fischer Tropsch Section in China 7 Above is shown the schematic of a Fischer-Tropsch gasification procedure. This is non a last-place version of the procedure as new betterments are world done to this new engineering every twenty-four hours. But however a basic thought can be interpreted from this scheme.Outputs of Bio arouse in FutureTo bring forth 2nd coevals biofuels a broad scope of feedstock might be utilized. In add-on, the energy required for the intent of agribusiness and feedsto ck production can be reduced to a great extent. In immense transition services 2nd coevals provender stocks are predictable to be aptly transformed to biofuels. But, even though a high hereafter prospective may be present, at the minute it is non up till now confirmed that 2nd coevals biofuels will be improved in public presentation energy-wise, economically and with regard to carbon. Following is an extract from the European enchiridion to which presents the use of 2nd coevals bio fuels over the coming old ages as expected 2 .SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND CO2 EMISSIONSAlternatively of utilizing dearly-won nutrient harvests to do the bio-crude, second-generation biofuels for illustration agricultural waste are used. Second-generation biofuels processs do nt hold any consequence on supplies of nutrients. But one positive point is that they are decidedly environmentally much better and sustainable than the 1st coevals biofuels. If they are wholly made commercial, these advanc ed biofuels engineering can easy reconstruct fossil fuels with locally made biofuels which can in bend have positive effects likeDecreasing the demand for crude oil that is merchandiseLowering the emanation of nursery gases therefore diminishing of CO2A content per twelvemonthOpening new occupations, countries of research and skills peculiarly on rural sidesSecond coevalss biofuels are non at the minute commercial because of their production engineerings being in the research and development stairss. Assortment of feed stocks may be utilized to bring forth biofuels including lignocelluloses. Second coevals biofuels are for illustration bioethanol coming from cellulosic stuff. The Technology Roadmap given in the Vision brood explains coming up of these biofuels in 3 stairss which are, bettering the engineerings that exist, research and development of 2nd coevals biofuels and research and development of bio-refinery thoughts.REFRENCES 1 hypertext transfer protocol //www.iea.org /papers/2008/2nd_Biofuel_Gen_Exec_Sum.pdf 2 hypertext transfer protocol //www.compete-bioafrica.net/publications/publ/Biofuel_Technology_Handbook_version2_D5.pdf 3 hypertext transfer protocol //ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm? article=ca.v063n04p191 & A fulltext=yes 4 hypertext transfer protocol //www.etha-plus.ch/en/technique.html 5 hypertext transfer protocol //www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag? docid=145254590 6 hypertext transfer protocol //newenergyandfuel.com/http /newenergyandfuel/com/2009/04/16/exploring-a-new-gasification-process/ 7 hypertext transfer protocol //coalgasificationnews.com/tag/sasol/